Service
Social workers' primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems.
Practical, verified tools for social workers and counselors who need the answer now, not the lecture.
A working reference for direct practice. The theories under the work, the modalities used in session, screeners you can score on the spot, group plans you can run this week, printable handouts, licensing and supervision rules for your state cited by number, and a filterable resource directory with phone numbers that actually connect.
Pick a door. Whatever is going on right now, the part of Groundwork that handles it is one click away, filters already set.
Two shortcuts worth knowing: the search box at the top searches every section at once, and in Client Resources you can filter to a category and area, then print the result as a client handout.
The NASW Code of Ethics names six core values, each paired with a governing principle. These sit under everything else in Groundwork.
Social workers' primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems.
Social workers challenge social injustice, pursuing change on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed people and groups.
Social workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person, mindful of individual differences and cultural diversity.
Social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships and engage people as partners in the helping process.
Social workers behave in a trustworthy manner, acting honestly and responsibly on behalf of the profession.
Social workers practice within their areas of competence and continually develop and enhance their professional expertise.
Source: NASW Code of Ethics. The 2021 revision is still the current version; NASW has not issued a newer one. Read the full code for the standards under each value, not just the headline version above.
Standard 1.06(c), under Conflicts of Interest, is the one that governs this: “Social workers should not engage in dual or multiple relationships with clients or former clients in which there is a risk of exploitation or potential harm to the client. In instances when dual or multiple relationships are unavoidable, social workers should take steps to protect clients and are responsible for setting clear, appropriate, and culturally sensitive boundaries.” Read the second sentence carefully. The Code does not pretend overlap can always be avoided.
The test in 1.06(c) is risk of exploitation or harm, not the existence of a second relationship. Someone trained in an urban program may arrive believing any overlap is misconduct. That reading is not what the Code says, and it is not survivable in a county where the clinician, the client, and the client's employer all attend the same three churches.
Where overlap is unavoidable, you owe the client clear boundaries you have actually thought about, not avoidance you cannot deliver.
Ask at intake how the client wants you to handle running into them in public. Some want a normal greeting, some want to be passed without acknowledgment, and the difference matters enormously to them.
Deciding in the aisle puts the burden on the client in the exact moment they are least prepared for it. Deciding in advance makes it your plan rather than their scramble. Let the client set the rule, and follow whatever they choose.
Standard advice assumes another qualified provider exists nearby. In much of the Hill Country the realistic alternatives are a two-hour drive, a months-long waitlist, or nothing.
Refusing service is not automatically the ethical choice; it can be the more harmful one. If you proceed, document what the overlap is, what specific boundaries you set, why referral was not viable, and that you sought consultation. That record is what distinguishes a considered decision from an unexamined one.
Your records can be airtight while confidentiality still fails. A car parked in a driveway, another client in a four-chair waiting room, or a front desk staffed by someone's cousin gives away more than a file ever would.
Where people park, how the waiting area is arranged, whether appointments can be spaced so clients do not overlap, and who on staff is related to whom. None of that is in a HIPAA policy, and all of it determines whether people come in the door.
In a town of a few thousand, clients arrive already knowing your family, your church, your divorce, and where you worked before. The blank-screen posture is not available to you.
The question stops being “what do I disclose” and becomes “what do I do with what they already know.” Pretending otherwise reads as evasive and costs you credibility you will need later.
Consultation is the practical substitute for the separation you cannot create. It is also your evidence that you treated the risk seriously rather than getting used to it.
Raise overlaps with your supervisor when you notice them, not when they become uncomfortable. A dual relationship discussed in supervision in month one looks very different from the same relationship discovered in month nine.
One connection is usually manageable with a clear boundary. Risk compounds when they stack up: you are her counselor, her son's coach, and her landlord's sister-in-law at the same time.
Not “is there an overlap here,” which will almost always be yes, but “how many are there now, and could I still act in this client's interest if one of them turned adversarial?”
In a small county the person your client is leaving may be someone you know socially, someone your agency has served, or someone related to a coworker. This is not rare and it is not something to manage privately.
Disclose it to your supervisor immediately so the agency can decide about reassignment, information barriers, and safety. Handling it quietly to avoid awkwardness is how confidentiality breaches and safety failures happen, and it puts the risk on the client rather than on the organization where it belongs.
The Code above is the profession's. Each state also writes its own conduct rules into law, and those are what a licensing board disciplines under. Where the two differ, the state rule is the one with the license attached.
Pick your state above. Each state's board enforces its own conduct rules: what counts as a prohibited relationship, how sexual misconduct and impairment are defined, what you must report and when, and what a record must contain. Nothing below this line appears until a state is chosen.
Where the Texas rules come from. Subchapter B, Rules of Practice, of the Behavioral Health Executive Council's consolidated social work rulebook dated 25 March 2026 (22 TAC Chapter 781, sections 781.301 to 781.323). These are enforceable rules; any violation is defined as unethical conduct and grounds for discipline (781.301). The NASW Code above is the profession's ethics; this is the law you are licensed under.
Rule 781.301 lists thirteen duties, and every one is a licensing matter. Do not refuse service on the basis of age, gender, race, color, religion, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, or political affiliation. Report your services and credentials truthfully. Offer only what you are competent to do. Base every service on an assessment, evaluation, or diagnosis. Give a clear description of services, schedules, fees, and billing at the start. Safeguard confidentiality within the law. Set and keep professional boundaries. No sexual contact with a client or anyone who has been a client. Do not practice while impaired. Do not exploit the position of trust. Evaluate progress continuously and use supervision and consultation. Refer what you cannot meet, and terminate when continuing is no longer in the client's interest.
Rule 781.304(l) is flatter than NASW 1.06(c): a licensee shall not provide social work services to previous or current family members, personal friends, educational or business associates, or individuals whose welfare might be jeopardized by a dual or multiple relationship. Where a dual relationship develops anyway, 781.304(q) puts the responsibility for the client's safety on you, and 781.304(r) bars non-professional relationships with a client's family members or associates where you knew or should have known it could harm the client.
The NASW test is risk of harm. The Texas rule names categories that are off the table regardless: family, friends, and business or school associates. Overlap with the wider community is the 1.06(c) question; overlap with those categories is a rule violation.
A licensee may not accept from or give to a client any gift worth more than $25, and must follow a stricter employer policy if one exists (781.304(m)). Neither you nor your relatives to the fourth degree may borrow or lend money or items of value to a client or the client's relatives to the fourth degree (781.304(n)). Business relationships with clients are prohibited outright (781.304(c)), and bartering, where a client must, has to be agreed in advance and not exceed customary charges (781.303(8)).
Sexual contact, sexual exploitation, and therapeutic deception with a client, a former client, a supervisee, or a student are prohibited (781.305(b), (c)). It is no defense that the person consented, that services had ended first, that the person was no longer dependent, or that it happened away from the office (781.305(d), (e)). The rule also lists conduct that counts as exploitation when done for sexual purposes, from sexual comments to requesting a date.
If a client alleges, or you have reasonable cause to suspect, sexual exploitation by another licensee or mental health provider, you must report within 30 days to the prosecuting attorney in the county where it occurred and to the Council or the provider's licensing agency, after telling the client of the duty and asking whether they want anonymity (781.305(f); Civil Practice and Remedies Code Chapter 81).
Rule 781.303(1): no knowingly providing services to someone concurrently receiving services from another mental health provider except with that provider's knowledge. If you learn of it, immediately request a release from the client to inform the other provider and work toward a collaborative relationship.
You must terminate when it is reasonably clear the client is not benefiting, and where further services are indicated you must take reasonable steps to facilitate transfer by giving the client the name and contact information of three sources of service (781.303(2)). Persistent or flagrant over-treatment is a separate violation (781.303(4)).
The client or a legally authorized representative must sign a consent for services, and where someone signs for a minor or ward you obtain and keep the relevant portions of the court order, divorce decree, power of attorney, or letters of guardianship that authorize it (781.303(9)). Before services begin and as they progress, the client must know your qualifications, any intent to delegate, any restrictions on your license, the limits of confidentiality, and the fees (781.303(7)).
Communications and records are confidential under Health and Safety Code Chapters 181 and 611 and HIPAA (781.311(a), (b)). A written release must be dated and carry the client's name and identifying information, the purpose, the recipient, the length of time it is valid, and the signature and date of the client or guardian (781.311(d)). It lives in the permanent record and must be reviewed and updated at least every twelve months (781.311(e)).
Rule 781.311(f) requires reports under Family Code Chapter 261 (abuse or neglect of minors), Human Resources Code Chapter 48 (elderly or disabled persons), Health and Safety Code 161.131 and following (abuse, neglect, and unethical conduct in inpatient mental health, chemical dependency, and rehabilitation facilities), and Civil Practice and Remedies Code 81.006 (sexual exploitation by a provider). Timelines and detail are in Crisis & Safety.
Rule 781.311(g): where you determine that a client or others are at imminent risk of physical injury, or a client is at immediate risk of mental or emotional injury, you may take reasonable action to inform only medical or law enforcement personnel, under Health and Safety Code Chapter 611. This is permission, not a duty, and it does not extend to the potential victim.
Accurate, legible records of dates of service, types of service, progress or case notes, intake assessment, treatment plan, and billing (781.309(1)); kept seven years after termination for adults or until five years past age 18 for minors, whichever is greater (781.309(4)); retained and disposed of confidentially (781.309(2)); with a written explanation of treatment and charges on every bill (781.309(5)).
Providing services while impaired by physical or mental health, a medical condition, medication, drugs, or alcohol violates 781.301(10), and using alcohol or drugs in ways that compromise your ability to practice violates 781.308.
A social worker shall report alleged misrepresentations or violations of the chapter to the Council (781.312(b)), must report knowledge of unlicensed practice (781.303(5)), and must correct and report false or misleading statements made about their own services or qualifications (781.304(i)). Evaluating anyone's mental condition without a personal interview requires disclosing that fact in the evaluation (781.303(3)).
Technology changes nothing. Services delivered by technology are subject to every rule and statute as if delivered face to face (781.323), and electronic practice with clients located in Texas requires a Texas license (781.304(k)).
Where the California rules come from. Business and Professions Code (BPC) §4992.3, the statutory list of unprofessional conduct, 16 CCR §1881, the Board's regulation adding to it, and the related sections of the Board of Behavioral Sciences' Statutes and Regulations, January 2026 edition. California has no separate code of conduct; the ethics that can cost you the license live in the unprofessional-conduct list.
BPC §4992.3 is the list the Board disciplines from. Twenty-nine lettered grounds, among them: incompetence and gross negligence; misrepresenting your license, education, or affiliations; aiding unlicensed practice; intentionally or recklessly causing physical or emotional harm to a client; sexual relations with a client or a former client within two years of termination; practicing beyond the scope of the license or of your own competence; failing to keep confidentiality; failing to disclose the fee before treatment; paying or accepting anything for referrals; false advertising; publishing test materials; any violation of the supervision laws; failing to keep records consistent with sound clinical judgment; and failing to make child abuse or elder and dependent adult abuse reports.
Sexual relations with a client, or with a former client within two years of the termination date, soliciting sexual relations, and sexual abuse or misconduct with a client are all unprofessional conduct (BPC §4992.3(l)). Where a disciplinary decision finds sexual contact with a patient, or with a former patient when the relationship was ended primarily to make that contact, the Board shall revoke the license, and neither the judge nor the Board may stay the revocation (§4992.33).
Any psychotherapist who learns from a client that the client alleges sexual intercourse, sexual behavior, or sexual contact with a previous psychotherapist during prior treatment must give the client the state's brochure on clients' rights and remedies, and must discuss it with the client. Failing to do so is unprofessional conduct (BPC §728). The brochure, Therapy Never Includes Sexual Behavior, is on the Board's consumer pages in English and Spanish.
BBS consumer publications ↗Failing to disclose the fee, or the basis on which it will be computed, before treatment begins is unprofessional conduct (BPC §4992.3(o)). So is paying, accepting, or soliciting any consideration for the referral of clients; all payment must relate to services you actually provided, and collaboration between licensees may not be billed unless that fee was disclosed up front (§4992.3(p)).
California's statute does not enumerate family, friends, or business associates the way Texas does. The conduct it names instead: intentionally or recklessly causing physical or emotional harm to a client (§4992.3(j)), any dishonest, corrupt, or fraudulent act substantially related to the profession (§4992.3(k)), and gross negligence measured against the standard of conduct of the profession (§4992.3(e)), which is where NASW 1.06(c) enters as the standard. Supervisors may not supervise a spouse or relative, or anyone whose relationship undermines the supervision (§4996.20(a)(6), (7)).
Performing, or holding yourself out as able to perform, mental health services beyond your competence as established by education, training, or experience is unprofessional conduct (BPC §4992.3(t)), separate from practicing beyond the scope of the license (§4992.3(m)). Letting a supervisee do either is a ground against the supervisor (§4992.3(u); 16 CCR §1881(b)).
Using controlled substances, dangerous drugs, or alcohol to a degree that is dangerous to yourself, the public, or a client, or that impairs your ability to practice safely, is unprofessional conduct, and the Board shall deny or revoke where a person uses or offers to use drugs in the course of performing clinical social work (BPC §4992.3(c)). The Board may also refuse to license where an applicant may be unable to practice safely due to mental illness or chemical dependency (§4992.35).
Failure to maintain the confidentiality of all information received from a client in confidence during treatment, and all information about the client obtained from tests or other means, is unprofessional conduct except where disclosure is required or permitted by law (BPC §4992.3(n)). Telehealth adds its own duties under §2290.5 and 16 CCR §1815.5, and a willful violation of the patient-access-to-records chapter of the Health and Safety Code is a listed ground (§4992.3(z)).
Failing to comply with the child abuse reporting requirements of Penal Code §11166, or the elder and dependent adult abuse reporting requirements of Welfare and Institutions Code §15630, is unprofessional conduct (BPC §4992.3(x), (y)). Timelines are in Crisis & Safety.
Records must be consistent with sound clinical judgment, the standards of the profession, and the nature of the services (BPC §4992.3(w)), and kept seven years from termination, or seven years past age 18 for a minor (§4993). When the Board lawfully requests records you have 15 days, or the time in the request if longer, unless there is good cause (16 CCR §1881(c)).
You must report to the Board within 30 days any felony or misdemeanor conviction (guilty verdict, guilty plea, or no contest) and any disciplinary action by another licensing authority, state, federal agency, or the military (16 CCR §1881(e)), and must provide arrest documentation within 30 days of a request (§1881(f)). Failing to cooperate with a Board investigation is itself unprofessional conduct, without waiving any constitutional right (§1881(d)).
Before starting psychotherapy, or as soon as practicable after, every client receives a written notice in at least 12-point type that the Board receives complaints about clinical social work services, with the Board's web address and phone number, and since 1 July 2025 your full name as filed, license type and number, and expiration date. Delivery is documented (BPC §4996.75).
Every advertisement carries your name as filed with the Board, the complete license title or LCSW, and the license number; ASWs add their employer and that they are supervised (16 CCR §1811, effective 1 April 2026). Advertising that is false, fraudulent, misleading, or deceptive under BPC §651 is unprofessional conduct (§4992.3(q)).
Where the Florida rules come from. Section 491.009, Florida Statutes, the grounds for discipline; sections 491.0111, 491.0112, 491.0147, and 491.0149; and Board rules 64B4-5.001 (disciplinary guidelines, effective 1 January 2026), 64B4-9.001 and 9.002 (records), and 64B4-10.002 and 10.003 (sexual misconduct; 10.003 amended 2 March 2026), read from flrules.org. Florida also disciplines under the general health-professions grounds in section 456.072.
F.S. 491.009(1) lists 23 grounds, and the Board publishes a fine and penalty range for each. Among them: obtaining a license by fraud; false or misleading advertising, or promising results; practicing under a name other than your own; maintaining a professional association with someone you know is violating the chapter; aiding unlicensed practice; filing a false report or failing to file a required one; kickbacks, self-referral for services already paid for by another entity, and reciprocal referral agreements; sexual misconduct; soliciting clients through fraud, intimidation, or undue influence; refusing a client copies of tests and reports they paid for; not responding to the Department within 30 days; inability to practice from illness or substance use; experimentation without informed written consent; falling below prevailing peer standards; delegating to the unqualified; and breaching confidentiality except as 491.0147 allows.
Sexual misconduct with a client, or with a former client where the relationship was ended primarily to engage in sexual contact, is a third-degree felony, a second-degree felony on a repeat or where therapeutic deception is used, and the client's consent is no defense (F.S. 491.0112). The Board's definition reaches any behavior intended to be sexually arousing, including kissing and touching through clothing, and encouraging sexual conduct with a third party outside a planned treatment for a diagnosed sexual dysfunction (64B4-10.002 F.A.C.).
A person is presumed to remain a client until the relationship is terminated, and the mere passage of time since the last visit does not decide it. The Board weighs formal termination, transfer to another therapist, the length of the relationship, how much the client confided, the nature of the problem, and the client's emotional dependence (64B4-10.003(2), (3) F.A.C.). Sexual contact with a former client is prohibited at any time if it would be exploitative or detrimental, or exploits the trust, knowledge, or influence of the professional relationship (10.003(4)). A client's consent or initiation changes nothing (10.003(5)).
Paying or receiving any kickback, rebate, bonus, or remuneration for a referral, referring a client to yourself for fee-paid services already being paid for by a public or private entity, and entering a reciprocal referral agreement are each grounds for discipline (F.S. 491.009(1)(j)); the general health-professions statute treats kickbacks as patient brokering (456.054). Obtaining a fee on a promise of guaranteed results is a separate ground (491.009(1)(d)).
Florida's grounds do not name family, friends, or business associates. The standard that reaches dual relationships is failing to meet the minimum standards of performance in professional activities when measured against generally prevailing peer performance (F.S. 491.009(1)(r)), which is where NASW 1.06(c) and the profession's own standards are applied. Soliciting clients through undue influence or overreaching is its own ground (491.009(1)(m)).
Failing to meet prevailing peer standards includes undertaking activities for which you are not qualified by training or experience (F.S. 491.009(1)(r)), and delegating professional responsibilities to someone you know or should know is not qualified is a separate ground (491.009(1)(s)). Treatment that would constitute experimentation by prevailing standards requires full, informed, written consent first (491.009(1)(q)).
Inability to practice with reasonable skill or competence because of a mental or physical condition, illness, drunkenness, or excessive use of drugs or any other substance is a ground, and on a probable-cause finding the Department may compel a mental or physical examination, enforceable in circuit court in a closed proceeding (F.S. 491.009(1)(p)).
Every communication with a client is confidential (F.S. 491.0147). The privilege may be waived when you are a defendant in an action the client brought, when the client (or every family member in family therapy) agrees in writing, and when the client has made a specific threat against an identified person and you judge they can carry it out imminently, in which case you may tell the potential victim. Where that clinical judgment is made, disclosure to law enforcement is mandatory (491.0147(2)); details in Crisis & Safety.
A psychotherapy record holds the client's identifying details, session dates, treatment plan and results, diagnosis if applicable, every financial transaction including fees assessed and collected, consent documentation, releases, legal forms, and every contact with other professionals about the client (64B4-9.002(2) F.A.C.). Full records are kept seven years after the last contact (64B4-9.001(2)). Clients who paid for tests, reports, or documents are entitled to copies on written request (F.S. 491.009(1)(n)).
Willfully making a false report, failing to file a report required by state or federal law, or impeding one, is a ground for discipline (F.S. 491.009(1)(i)), and failing to perform any statutory obligation placed on a licensee is another (491.009(1)(h)). The child and vulnerable adult reporting statutes are in Crisis & Safety.
Failing to respond within 30 days to a written communication from the Department or Board about an investigation, or failing to make relevant records available, is a ground (F.S. 491.009(1)(o)). So is maintaining a professional association with anyone you know or have reason to believe is violating the chapter or the rules (491.009(1)(f)).
Practicing or advertising under a name other than your own is a ground for discipline (F.S. 491.009(1)(e)); the license must be displayed at each practice location and "licensed clinical social worker" or "LCSW" must appear on all promotional material naming you (491.0149). The penalty ranges for every ground are published in 64B4-5.001 F.A.C.
Disciplinary guidelines, 64B4-5.001 ↗Where the Washington rules come from. RCW 18.130.180, the Uniform Disciplinary Act's list of unprofessional conduct that applies to every health profession the Department of Health regulates; the counselor-specific rules in Chapter 246-809 WAC (sexual misconduct, reporting, records, disclosure); and the Department-wide rules in Chapter 246-16 WAC, all read from the Legislature's site.
RCW 18.130.180 lists thirty grounds, and they apply to social workers as health care providers. Among them: any act of moral turpitude, dishonesty, or corruption relating to the profession, whether or not it is a crime; false or misleading advertising; incompetence, negligence, or malpractice that injures a client or creates an unreasonable risk of harm; violating any statute or rule regulating the profession; failing to cooperate with the Department; aiding unlicensed practice; practicing beyond scope; failing to supervise auxiliary staff; willful betrayal of the practitioner-patient privilege; current misuse of alcohol, controlled substances, or legend drugs; abuse of a client or sexual contact with a client; accepting more than a nominal gratuity from vendors; and performing conversion therapy on anyone under eighteen.
The Department-wide sexual misconduct rule (WAC 246-16-100) lists twenty-one behaviors, from intercourse and kissing to soliciting a date, discussing your own sexual history, or suggesting a relationship after treatment ends, and bars them with current clients and, for most professions, former clients for two years. For licensed counselors and associates the counselor rule removes the two-year limit entirely: a licensed counselor or associate shall never engage or attempt to engage in those activities with a current or former client or key party (WAC 246-809-049). Client consent or initiation does not excuse it (246-16-100(7)).
The prohibition covers "key parties," the people close to the client, not only the client (WAC 246-16-100(1); 246-809-049). Terminating a professional relationship for the purpose of dating or pursuing a romantic relationship is itself listed misconduct (246-16-100(1)(n)).
Washington's statute does not name family, friends, or business associates. Dual relationships are reached through incompetence, negligence, or malpractice creating an unreasonable risk of harm (RCW 18.130.180(4)), abuse of a client (18.130.180(23)), and moral turpitude or dishonesty relating to the profession (18.130.180(1)), with NASW 1.06(c) as the professional standard. The supervision rule adds its own exclusions: no supervising a relative, cohabitant, peer, or recent therapy client (WAC 246-809-334(2)).
Accepting more than a nominal gratuity, hospitality, or subsidy from a vendor of health-related products or services, where a conflict of interest is presented, is unprofessional conduct (RCW 18.130.180(24)), and a violation of the anti-rebate chapter, RCW 19.68, is a listed ground (18.130.180(20)).
Practice beyond the scope defined by law or rule (RCW 18.130.180(12)), failure to adequately supervise auxiliary staff to the point that a consumer's health or safety is at risk (18.130.180(14)), promoting an unnecessary or inefficacious treatment for personal gain (18.130.180(16)), and treating by a secret method you refuse to divulge to the Department (18.130.180(18)) are each grounds.
Current misuse of alcohol, controlled substances, or legend drugs is unprofessional conduct (RCW 18.130.180(22)), as is practicing while suffering from a contagious disease involving serious public risk (18.130.180(15)). Reports of impairment without patient harm may go to an approved impaired-practitioner program instead of the Department (WAC 246-16-220(1)(b)).
The willful betrayal of a practitioner-patient privilege recognized by law is unprofessional conduct (RCW 18.130.180(19)). The disclosure statement you give every client at the start of treatment must describe the extent of confidentiality the chapter provides (RCW 18.225.100).
All licensed counselors and associates shall immediately report child abuse or neglect under Chapter 26.44 RCW, and suspected abandonment, abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult under Chapter 74.34 RCW, on reasonable cause; an associate must tell their approved supervisor of any report filed (WAC 246-809-040). Timelines are in Crisis & Safety.
Reports required by the Department's mandatory reporting rules go to the Department of Health no later than thirty calendar days after actual knowledge (WAC 246-16-220(3)), and no later than twenty days after a determination is made under the counselor chapter (WAC 246-809-060). A report to a national data bank or an impaired-practitioner program does not substitute where a patient has been harmed (246-16-220(1)).
Records must hold the client's name, fee arrangement and payments, session dates, the signed and dated disclosure statement, presenting problem or diagnosis, consults, and progress notes, and be kept five years after the last visit with limited access (WAC 246-809-035). A client may request in writing that no treatment records be kept, and you may agree unless another law requires them. You must make provisions for records if you go out of business, die, or become incapacitated.
Failing to furnish records, a full written explanation of a complaint, or access for practice reviews, and failing to respond to subpoenas, are grounds (RCW 18.130.180(8)); so is failing to comply with an order or stipulation (18.130.180(9)), and interfering with an investigation by misrepresentation, threats, or inducements to witnesses (18.130.180(21)).
Failing to provide the required client disclosure information is a basis for discipline (WAC 246-809-720). The statement covers your license number, methods and orientation, education and training, course of treatment, cost and billing practices, the right to refuse treatment and choose a practitioner, and the Department's complaint contact, signed and dated by both of you (RCW 18.225.100; WAC 246-809-710).
Where the New York rules come from. Rules of the Board of Regents Part 29: section 29.1 (all professions), 29.2 (health professions, which lists social work), and 29.16 (social work), read from op.nysed.gov in September 2026, with Education Law Article 154. New York has no free-standing social work code of conduct; the Regents Rules define unprofessional conduct and the Board of Regents disciplines under Education Law §6509 and §6511.
Regents Rule 29.1 applies to every licensed profession, and 29.2 adds the health-profession rules. Among the 29.1 grounds: willful or grossly negligent failure to comply with laws governing the profession; undue influence on a client, including promoting sales that exploit the client for financial gain; any fee or consideration for a referral; fee-splitting with anyone but a partner, employee, associate, professional subcontractor, or authorized trainee; conduct evidencing moral unfitness; filing a false report or failing to file a required one; refusing a client copies of documents they paid for; revealing personally identifiable information without consent except as the law allows; practicing beyond scope or without required supervision; delegating to the unqualified; performing services the client did not authorize; advertising that is not in the public interest; and failing to respond to the Department within 30 days. Rule 29.2 adds abandonment, harassment or abuse of a client, record-keeping, supervision of those who need it, and more.
New York's Regents Rules do not name sexual contact in a social work-specific section. Sexual contact with a client is reached as conduct evidencing moral unfitness to practice (29.1(b)(5)), willful harassment, abuse, or intimidation of a client (29.2(a)(2)), and exercising undue influence on a client (29.1(b)(2)), and the Board of Regents disciplines under Education Law §6509. There is no two-year window written into the social work rule; the standard is the profession's, which NASW 1.09 sets at no sexual contact with current clients and a presumption against former clients.
The Regents Rules do not name family, friends, or business associates. Dual relationships are reached through undue influence and exploitation for financial gain (29.1(b)(2)), moral unfitness (29.1(b)(5)), and the profession's standard of care under NASW 1.06(c). The Office of the Professions states plainly that a supervisor may not have a familial relationship with the supervisee, and that such dual relationships may be charged as unprofessional conduct.
Directly or indirectly offering, giving, soliciting, or receiving any fee for the referral of a client is unprofessional conduct (29.1(b)(3)). So is permitting anyone outside the practice to share in professional fees, and the rule expressly treats rent or personnel charges calculated as a percentage of the licensee's receipts as fee-splitting (29.1(b)(4)). Exploiting a client through the promotion of sales is a separate ground (29.1(b)(2)).
Abandoning or neglecting a client under and in need of immediate professional care without making reasonable arrangements for the continuation of that care is unprofessional conduct, and so is abandoning a professional employment with a facility without reasonable notice where it seriously impairs the delivery of care (29.2(a)(1)).
Practicing or offering to practice beyond the scope permitted by law, accepting responsibilities you know or should know you are not competent to perform, and performing services you may only perform under supervision without that supervision (except in a life-or-health emergency) are each unprofessional conduct (29.1(b)(9)). Delegating to someone not qualified by training, experience, or licensure is another (29.1(b)(10)).
Regents Rule 29.16, tracking Education Law §7708: prescribing or administering drugs as a treatment, therapy, or professional service, or using invasive procedures, meaning any procedure in which human tissue is cut, altered, or infiltrated, including surgery, lasers, ionizing radiation, therapeutic ultrasound, and electroconvulsive therapy.
Revealing personally identifiable facts, data, or information obtained in a professional capacity without the client's prior consent, except as authorized or required by law, is unprofessional conduct (29.1(b)(8)). The disclosures the law authorizes when a client presents a danger are in Crisis & Safety.
Willfully making or filing a false report, failing to file a report required by law or by the Department, willfully impeding a filing, or inducing another to do so, is unprofessional conduct (29.1(b)(6)). Social workers are mandated child abuse reporters under Social Services Law §413; the timelines are in Crisis & Safety.
A record for each client that accurately reflects evaluation and treatment, kept at least six years, and for minors at least six years and until one year past age 21 (29.2(a)(3)). Copies of documents prepared for and paid for by the client must be made available on request (29.1(b)(7)).
Performing professional services that have not been duly authorized by the client or the client's legal representative is unprofessional conduct (29.1(b)(11)). Ordering treatment or excessive use of facilities not warranted by the client's condition is a ground under 29.2(a).
Failing to respond within 30 days to written communications from the Education Department or the Department of Health, and to make relevant records available on an inquiry or complaint, is unprofessional conduct (29.1(b)(13)); the clock starts at personal delivery or the return-receipt date. Violating any term of probation imposed by the Board of Regents is a further ground (29.1(b)(14)).
Failing to provide documentation of completed continuing education on the Department's request is an act of misconduct subject to disciplinary proceedings (Education Law §7710(2)(d)), and practicing after a registration is denied for a CE shortfall is disciplinable (§7710(3)).
The explanatory frameworks for why people, families, and systems behave the way they do. Theories explain; modalities, further down this page, intervene. Most of these originated decades ago and remain the field's standard reference today, that's expected of a foundational theory, not a sign it's outdated.
The structured interventions and treatment approaches applied in session.
Trauma-informed care's six principles are from SAMHSA's 2014 concept paper, reaffirmed and expanded in SAMHSA's 2023 Practical Guide for Implementing a Trauma-Informed Approach. The principles themselves are unchanged, only the implementation guidance is newer.
Running skills-based groups: a session structure that holds, the dynamics worth anticipating, and five ready-to-run session plans built around the handouts already in the Printables section.
Each session plan names the printable it uses. Print the blank version for members and keep the reference version for yourself; the sorting or filling-in is where the learning happens, so resist completing it for the group.
Quick-reference scoring and structure for the tools used most in intake and ongoing assessment.
| Score | Severity | Typical next step |
|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | Minimal | Monitor; may not warrant treatment. |
| 5–9 | Mild | Watchful waiting; reassess at follow-up. |
| 10–14 | Moderate | Treatment plan warranted; consider therapy and/or referral. |
| 15–19 | Moderately Severe | Active treatment with therapy, medication, or both. |
| 20–27 | Severe | Active treatment; immediate initiation, psychiatric referral. |
| Score | Severity | Typical next step |
|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | Minimal | No action typically needed. |
| 5–9 | Mild | Monitor. |
| 10–14 | Moderate | Score of 10+ warrants further assessment for an anxiety disorder. |
| 15–21 | Severe | Active treatment probably warranted. |
| Score | Reading | Typical next step |
|---|---|---|
| 0–30 | Below cutoff | Does not reach the provisional threshold. Clinical judgment still governs. |
| 31–33 | Cutoff range | Research supports 31–33 as indicative of probable PTSD. Warrants fuller assessment. |
| 34–80 | Above cutoff | Probable PTSD; refer for diagnostic interview and trauma-focused treatment. |
20 items, each rated 0–4 for the past month, total 0–80. There is also a provisional diagnosis rule that does not depend on the total: count any item rated 2 (moderately) or higher, then require at least 1 from items 1–5, 1 from 6–7, 2 from 8–14, and 2 from 15–20. Cutoffs are population-dependent, with published values ranging widely, so treat 31–33 as a starting point rather than a rule. Public domain, free, and no formal training required, though intended for qualified professionals.
| Score | Zone | Typical next step |
|---|---|---|
| 0–7 | Low risk | Alcohol education as appropriate. |
| 8–14 | Hazardous / harmful | Brief intervention. 8 is the standard threshold for acting. |
| 15–19 | Likely dependence | Brief intervention plus referral for further evaluation. |
| 20–40 | Likely severe | Refer for diagnostic evaluation and specialist treatment. |
Developed by the WHO. 10 items scored 0–4, total 0–40. At the cutoff of 8 the original WHO collaborative study reported 92% sensitivity and 94% specificity for hazardous and harmful use. Compare with CAGE-AID and TAPS below; AUDIT gives you consumption quantity as well as consequences, which the others do not.
| Score | Reading | Typical next step |
|---|---|---|
| 0–9 | Lower likelihood | Monitor; rescreen at later visits. |
| 10–12 | Possible depression | Many settings act at 10 to catch more people who need support. |
| 13+ | Probable depression | Traditional threshold. Refer for full assessment. |
Item 10 overrides the total. Question 10 asks about thoughts of harming oneself. Any score of 1, 2, or 3 on item 10 requires evaluation before the person leaves, regardless of how low the total is. A woman can score 6 overall and still need immediate attention. Screens for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and after birth; 10 items, 0–3 each, total 0–30.
| Condition | Requirement |
|---|---|
| 1 | Seven or more “yes” answers among the 13 symptom items |
| 2 | and “yes” that several of those occurred during the same time period |
| 3 | and problems rated “moderate” or “serious” |
All three conditions must be met for a positive screen; seven “yes” answers alone is not one. Reported sensitivity around 0.73 and specificity around 0.90 at that threshold. A positive screen prompts formal assessment and does not establish a diagnosis, and a negative screen does not rule out bipolar disorder, particularly bipolar II. If clinical suspicion persists, refer for structured diagnostic assessment regardless of the result.
PHQ-9 and GAD-7 cutoffs per the validated instruments (Kroenke et al.; Spitzer et al.). These screen for severity; they don't replace a full clinical interview.
The Stanley-Brown Safety Planning Intervention, one of the most widely used evidence-based safety planning tools, walks through six steps with the client, in order, on paper. Get the official form & translations ↗
Personal thoughts, images, moods, or behaviors that signal a crisis may be building.
Things the client can do alone to take their mind off problems, without contacting another person.
People and places that can provide distraction, without necessarily discussing the crisis.
Family or friends the client can reach out to during a crisis and ask directly for help.
Clinicians, crisis lines, and services to contact, including after-hours contact information.
A concrete, specific plan for reducing access to lethal means: who will hold or store what, and for how long. Named on the form as “plan for lethal means safety.”
Pick your state above. Who can detain someone and for how long, how fast a report is due and to whom, and whether a threat creates a duty to warn are all state law. Nothing below this line appears until a state is chosen.
The mandated-reporting and duty-to-warn entries in this block reflect Texas law specifically, current as of Groundwork's last legal check. Duty-to-warn rules vary widely by state. Most states impose some version of the Tarasoff duty that Texas does not. If you practice outside Texas, confirm your own state's statute before relying on anything above. A state-by-state directory is a natural next addition to Groundwork.
Emergency detention: Tex. Health & Safety Code ch. 573, §§573.001 (apprehension without warrant), 573.011 (application), 573.012 (magistrate's warrant), 573.021 (preliminary examination and time limits), 573.023 (release). Quoted criteria and hour counts are taken from the statute text. Local practice varies on where an application is filed and which facility receives the person, so confirm your county's process before you need it.
Sources: Tex. Fam. Code §261.101 (as amended by S.B. 571, 89th Leg., R.S., eff. June 20, 2025); Tex. Hum. Res. Code §48.051; Tex. Health & Safety Code §611.004; Thapar v. Zezulka, 994 S.W.2d 635 (Tex. 1999). Statutes and hour counts change, so confirm current text before relying on exact numbers.
Sources: Welfare and Institutions Code §5150 and §5150.05; Penal Code §11166; Welfare and Institutions Code §15630; Civil Code §43.92; Business and Professions Code §4992.3(x), (y). Read from the California Legislative Information site in September 2026. County procedures for who may initiate a 5150 vary; confirm designation with your county.
Sources: Florida Statutes §394.463 (involuntary examination), §39.201 (child abuse reporting), §415.1034 (vulnerable adults), §491.0147 (confidentiality and the duty to warn), §491.009(1)(i). Read from the Florida Legislature's site in September 2026. Florida Abuse Hotline 1-800-962-2873.
Sources: RCW 71.05.153 (emergency detention), RCW 26.44.030 (child abuse reporting), RCW 74.34.020 and 74.34.035 (vulnerable adults), RCW 71.05.120(3) (duty to warn), WAC 246-809-040; Volk v. DeMeerleer, 187 Wn.2d 241 (2016). Read from the Legislature's site in September 2026.
Sources: Mental Hygiene Law §§9.39, 9.41, 9.45, 9.46, and 33.13(c); Social Services Law §§413, 415, and 473; OCFS publication 1159 (mandated reporter guidance). Read from the New York State Senate's statute site and OCFS in September 2026. Statewide Central Register mandated reporter line 1-800-635-1522.
988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline — call or text 988 (US), 24/7. Crisis Text Line — text HOME to 741741. Keep these, plus your local mobile crisis team's number, on hand for every client contact.
Structure for case notes that hold up clinically and legally.
The work asks something of the person doing it, too. Recognizing the signs early keeps you effective and keeps you in the field.
Free continuing education, starting with what your state actually requires. Each entry says plainly whether it carries CE credit, issues a certificate only, or charges for the paperwork, because “free training” and “free CEUs” are not the same thing.
Pick your state above. Every state sets its own renewal hours, mandatory topics, and rules for which providers count. Nothing below this line appears until a state is chosen.
Hours are only worth what your board accepts. Before counting anything toward renewal, confirm the provider is acceptable to the Texas Behavioral Health Executive Council for your license type, and keep your completion certificates. You, not the provider, are responsible for producing them if audited.
Hours are only worth what the Board accepts. California takes continuing education from accredited schools of social work, regionally accredited or BPPE-approved colleges, and providers approved by a Board-recognized approval agency (BPC §4996.22(e); 16 CCR §1887.4.1 to 1887.4.3). The free national courses here carry credit only where the provider holds that approval; check the certificate before you count it.
Hours are only worth what the Board accepts. Florida credits Board-approved providers, accredited clinical graduate courses, and programs approved by NASW, ASWB, APA, NBCC, ACA, and the other bodies in 64B4-6.002(1)(e) F.A.C.; distance courses must include a test with a passing score. Certificate-only trainings on this page do not count.
Hours are only worth what the Department accepts. Washington credits activities under WAC 246-809-610 from the industry-recognized organizations and institutions listed in WAC 246-809-620, and the suicide training must come from the Department's model list (WAC 246-809-615). Keep documentation as WAC 246-809-650 requires.
Hours are only worth what the Department accepts. New York credits only courses and self-study from providers the State Education Department has approved for social work continuing education, plus approved teaching and presenting (Education Law §7710; Part 74.10). Free national courses count only if the provider holds New York approval; the approved-provider list is on the Office of the Professions site.
If you have an old bookmark for the MHTTC Network, it is no longer running: the SAMHSA-funded network ended in September 2024. Its successor for implementation training is the National Center on Mental Health Dissemination, Implementation, and Sustainment.
Every exam, every fee, and the order they happen in. Social work licensing is set state by state: the license names, the exams beyond ASWB, the supervised hours, the fees, and the renewal rules all differ, and a rule from one state is worth nothing in another. What holds everywhere comes first. Pick your state for the rest.
Every state board licenses from a degree accredited by the Council on Social Work Education, or a program in candidacy for it. A degree from a non-accredited program will not qualify you at any license level anywhere, and there is no workaround later.
CSWE accreditation standards ↗The Association of Social Work Boards writes and administers the licensing exams every state uses: Bachelors, Masters, Advanced Generalist, and Clinical. Your state decides which one you take and when you may sit for it. Fees are paid to ASWB: $230 for Bachelors or Masters, $260 for Advanced Generalist or Clinical, each attempt.
ASWB requires a 90-day wait between attempts, waivable only if you were within 10 correct answers of passing and your board allows it. Whether there is a cap on attempts is a state rule, not an ASWB one.
There is no national social work license. Each state, plus the District of Columbia and the territories, has its own board, its own license titles, and its own rulebook. Texas licenses at three levels; California licenses at one. The same letters can mean different things across a state line, and continuing education accepted in one state may not be accepted in the next.
Thirty-one states have enacted the Compact as of September 2026, and it has reached activation, but multistate licenses are not yet being issued; the Compact itself puts implementation at 12 to 24 months from activation. Washington is a member; Texas, California, Florida, and New York are not, as of that date. Until a multistate license exists, practicing in another state means holding that state's license.
Compact member states ↗Pick your state above. The license names, the exams beyond ASWB, the supervised hours, every fee, and the renewal rules are set by each state's board. Nothing below this line appears until a state is chosen.
Where the Texas figures come from. Every Texas figure below is quoted from the Behavioral Health Executive Council's consolidated social work rulebook dated 25 March 2026, or from ASWB directly.
Your degree has to come from a program accredited by the Council on Social Work Education, or one in candidacy for accreditation. This is not a formality you can work around later; a degree from a non-accredited program will not qualify you at any license level.
This is the step most guides leave out, and it comes before you register for the exam. Texas requires you to be preapproved through ASWB before you can sit for it.
$60, nonrefundable, paid to ASWB.
Which exam depends on the license you want: Bachelors for LBSW, Masters for LMSW, Clinical for LCSW. You must have a passing score before the date of your license application, so this cannot run in parallel with applying.
An open-book online exam on the Texas laws and rules governing social work practice. Timing matters: rule 882.5 requires you to take and pass it no more than 6 months before submitting your application. Pass it too early and you will have to take it again.
Passing it lets you claim 1 hour of ethics continuing education.
Applications go to the Council with proof of your jurisprudence exam, your transcript, and your ASWB score. A fingerprint-based criminal history record check is part of the process, billed separately by the Council's fingerprint vendor rather than included in the application fee.
Renewal is every two years, due the last day of your birth month. You can renew up to 60 days early. See Keeping the license below for what renewal actually requires beyond paying.
This is the single most useful provision in the rulebook and almost nobody knows it exists. Under rule 882.41, if you are enrolled or planning to enroll in a program leading to licensure, and you have reason to believe a conviction or deferred adjudication might make you ineligible, you can request a criminal history evaluation letter and get an answer in advance.
Submit the request form, the $150 fee, and certified copies of court documentation for every conviction, deferred adjudication, or other final disposition that might be a problem. You then get a fingerprint check. The Council responds in writing within 90 days unless a deeper investigation is needed.
Subsection (g) makes the ruling binding on the Council as to the grounds it addresses, unless you withheld something or new evidence appears. It converts a career-defining uncertainty into a written answer before you spend two to six years and tens of thousands of dollars on a degree.
A conviction is not automatically disqualifying. Under rule 882.42 the Council may deny, revoke, or refuse to examine you if the offense is listed in Article 42A.054 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, was a sexually violent offense under Article 62.001, or directly relates to the duties of a licensee.
Where an offense does relate to practice, the agency weighs the factors in Occupations Code §53.023, and the rule places responsibility on you to supply documentation and explanation for each factor. Silence is not neutral here; unaddressed factors are simply weighed without your input.
Under rule 882.61, a service member or military spouse holding a license in good standing in another jurisdiction may practice social work in Texas without obtaining a Texas license. Given the military presence around San Antonio, this comes up more often in the Hill Country than people expect.
Notify the Council on its form of your intent to practice, provide verification of your out-of-state license in good standing in a similar scope, submit proof of location in Texas such as PCS orders, and wait for the Council's written confirmation that it verified your license. The confirmation is not optional; practice is authorized once the Council confirms.
An official transcript plus a certified English translation, from the issuing institution, an American Translators Association certified translator, a reputable translation service, or a US college official.
The degree must be evaluated for comparability by a service belonging to NACES or AICE. For social work applicants specifically, the Council also accepts the International Social Work Degree Recognition and Evaluation Service. Evaluations must reach the Council directly from the service or arrive in the sealed envelope. The Council keeps final authority over comparability regardless of what the evaluator says.
Under rule 882.12 and Family Code §232.0135, if a child support agency notifies the Council that you are six months or more behind on a support order and asks it to deny you, the Council shall refuse to issue the license. Not may; shall.
Nothing moves until the child support agency notifies the Council that you have met one of the statutory conditions, and the Council may charge you a fee equal to the application fee for the refusal itself. If this could apply to you, resolve it before you apply rather than after.
The entry-level license, and the one most BSW graduates start with. No post-degree supervised hours are required for the license itself.
A bachelor's degree in social work from a CSWE-accredited program (or one in candidacy), a passing score on the ASWB Bachelors exam, and the Texas jurisprudence exam.
The master's-level license. Like the LBSW, it requires no post-degree supervised hours on its own; supervision enters the picture only when you go for LCSW or independent practice recognition.
A master's or doctoral degree in social work from a CSWE-accredited program (or one in candidacy), a university transcript documenting a completed field placement, a passing score on the ASWB Masters exam, and the jurisprudence exam.
The clinical license, and the one that allows independent clinical practice. This is where supervised hours come in, and where most of the timeline lives.
A master's or doctoral degree plus field placement, 3,000 hours of supervised professional clinical experience over at least 24 full months, a minimum of 100 hours of supervision within those 3,000 hours, a passing score on the ASWB Clinical exam, and the jurisprudence exam.
Hours worked in a non-clinical setting can still count, as long as you provide at least 4 hours per week of clinical social work. Finishing 3,000 hours early does not shorten the clock; supervision must still run a full 24 months. No more than 10 hours of supervision count in any single 30-day period, so you cannot compress supervision into a few intensive months.
Lets an LBSW or LMSW practice independently in non-clinical social work. It is the non-clinical parallel to the LCSW, and it carries the same experience structure.
A current Texas LBSW or LMSW, 3,000 hours of supervised social work experience over a minimum two-year period, and at least 100 hours of supervision within those hours. Rule 781.406.
What lets you supervise others toward their own licensure, as in LCSW-S. Worth planning for early if you want to supervise students or associates.
An active LBSW, LMSW, or LCSW in good standing, two years of practice in that license category, and a 40-hour supervisor training program acceptable to the Council, completed within 90 days. The 40 hours have a fixed breakdown: 3 hours on models of supervision, 3 on the supervisory relationship, 12 on methods and techniques, 12 on ethics and legal issues, and 3 on administrative tasks. Rule 781.404.
Supervisor status renews alongside your license, and adds 6 hours of continuing education in supervision each renewal period.
The Advanced Practitioner recognition still appears in a lot of third-party licensing guides and older study material. Texas no longer accepts LMSW-AP applications, and the Council's own fee chart says so directly. Existing holders still renew, but it is not a path you can start today.
| Item | Fee | Paid to |
|---|---|---|
| ASWB exam preapproval (required first) | $60 | ASWB |
| ASWB Bachelors or Masters exam | $230 | ASWB |
| ASWB Clinical exam | $260 | ASWB |
| Texas jurisprudence exam | $39 | Council's designee |
| LBSW or LMSW application | $109 | BHEC |
| LCSW application | $120 | BHEC |
| Upgrade from LBSW to LMSW | $24 | BHEC |
| Upgrade from LMSW to LCSW | $24 | BHEC |
| Independent Practice Recognition | $20 | BHEC |
| Supervisor status application | $54 | BHEC |
| Temporary license application | $30 | BHEC |
| Fingerprint criminal history check | vendor fee | Fingerprint vendor |
| LBSW or LMSW renewal (every 2 years) | $108 | BHEC |
| LCSW renewal (every 2 years) | $108 | BHEC |
| Added renewal fee, Independent Practice Recognition | $20 | BHEC |
| Added renewal fee, supervisor status | $50 | BHEC |
| Late renewal, expired 90 days or less | 1.5× base renewal | BHEC |
| Late renewal, expired 91 days to under 1 year | 2× base renewal | BHEC |
| Request for inactive status | $106 | BHEC |
| Inactive status renewal (every 2 years) | $106 | BHEC |
| Reactivate from inactive status | current renewal fee | BHEC |
| Reinstatement of an expired license | $510 | BHEC |
| Criminal history evaluation letter | $150 | BHEC |
| State-to-state verification of licensure | $50 | BHEC |
What it adds up to. Starting from scratch, an LBSW or LMSW runs about $438 ($60 preapproval, $230 exam, $39 jurisprudence, $109 application), plus the fingerprint vendor's fee. Moving from a Texas LMSW to LCSW runs about $383 ($60, $260, $39, and the $24 upgrade fee). Applying for an LCSW without already holding a Texas LMSW uses the $120 application fee instead, so about $479. Renewal is $108 every two years, plus continuing education costs.
If they sit on your application, you may be owed your fee back. Rule 882.9 requires the Council to publish its minimum, maximum, and median processing times annually. If your application exceeds 90 days or the published maximum, whichever is greater, you may file a written complaint with the Executive Director. If the Council cannot show good cause for the delay, the rule says it shall refund your application fee. Two limits worth knowing: there is no appeal of the Executive Director's determination, and the complaint is waived entirely if you do not file it within 30 days of licensure. So if your application dragged, file before that window closes rather than after you have moved on.
The 30 hours must include 6 hours in ethics and 3 hours on serving a distinct population, which the rule defines as a group sharing a common attribute or characteristic of your choosing. You pick the population.
You may carry a maximum of 10 unused hours forward into the next renewal period. Supervisors add 6 hours in supervision, which count toward the 30 rather than on top of it.
At least half your hours have to come from a defined list of providers: professional associations, school districts and education service centers, government entities, accredited institutions of higher education, religious or charitable behavioral health organizations, Council-approved supervisors, hospitals and hospital systems, or anyone those providers approve or endorse. Rule 781.501(e).
A stack of certificates from unaffiliated online providers can technically total 30 hours and still fail an audit.
Not optional and not just a CE topic. Demonstrating completion of a training course on human trafficking prevention under Occupations Code §116.002 is a stated condition of renewal. Completing it also earns 1 hour of CE credit.
The free HEART course listed in the Trainings section is built to satisfy this requirement.
If you take field or practicum students, you can claim one hour of continuing education for each hour of college credit awarded to the student, up to 10 hours per renewal period. Those hours cannot be counted toward the ethics or distinct population requirements.
Everyone assumes the first cycle is two years like every cycle after it. Rule 883.2 says otherwise, and the difference turns on your birthday.
Licenses expire the last day of your birth month. If your license is issued more than 180 days before that date, your first renewal falls on the next expiration date after one year. If it is issued within 180 days of it, you get the full two years. After that first cycle you join the standard schedule. If you hold more than one license from a member board, the new license is aligned to your existing renewal date instead.
Not every renewal cycle. Every month, an automated process selects 5% of all licensees for a continuing education audit under rule 882.50. There are also individualized audits, which the Council can run at any time it has grounds to believe someone is out of compliance.
Being audited is an ordinary event rather than a sign you are suspected of something. Keep every certificate for the full renewal period, and check your hours against the 50 percent provider rule before you attest to compliance rather than after a notice arrives.
Two different statuses with two different consequences, and people mix them up.
A deliberate choice, renewed and paid for each period. You cannot go inactive with a pending complaint. To reactivate you must show completed CE for that renewal period, and if the license sat inactive for four years or more you must retake the jurisprudence exam. Reactivating within 60 days of your renewal date counts as having met renewal for the next period.
What happens when you simply fail to renew. You may not practice on a delinquent license. After 12 consecutive months delinquent it cannot be renewed at all and expires, leaving reinstatement at $510 as the only route back.
Rule 882.32 requires you to update your name, main address, business address, email, and phone in the Council's online system within 30 days of any change. Official correspondence goes to your main address, so a stale one means missing notices you are still accountable for.
The street portion of your main address is redacted from public licensee search and is not released under the Public Information Act. A business address, if you enter one, is displayed publicly with no redaction. If you work with people fleeing violence, think carefully about what you put in that field, because it is a public record by design.
You get three attempts, and then a gate rather than a wall. Rule 882.6 limits an applicant to three attempts at an examination administered or required by the Council, and a third failure means automatic denial of the application. That is not the end of it. Under 882.6(b) you may reapply for licensure, but you will not be authorized to sit for the exam again until you submit a detailed study plan addressing your known or suspected areas of deficiency, and the relevant member board approves it. So the path back exists, and it runs through showing the board specifically what you intend to do differently.
One limit on the rule itself: under 882.6(c), examinations that do not require pre-authorization by the Council are not subject to the three-attempt cap.
Testing accommodations. Rule 882.7 commits the Council to reasonable accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act, including for dyslexia. The burden is on you to request them in advance, with enough notice for the Council to arrange them. A request has to include a written description of the disability and the functional limitations it causes, the specific accommodations you are asking for, and a description of accommodations you have received previously. If you may need accommodations, start this before you register for anything, because a late request can simply be declined for insufficient notice.
All Council fees are nonrefundable and nontransferable. The rulebook goes further and warns that attempting a chargeback on fees paid may itself result in a complaint being opened against you. If a license has been expired for a year or more you cannot renew it at all; the only route back is reinstatement.
Fees, hour counts, and rule numbers verified against the BHEC consolidated social work rulebook dated 25 March 2026, and exam fees against ASWB. Fees change. Confirm current amounts with the Council before you send money.
Where the California figures come from. The Board of Behavioral Sciences' Statutes and Regulations (January 2026 edition), its Handbook for Future LCSWs (May 2024), the ASW and LCSW application packets (revised August and June 2026), and the fee amendment to 16 CCR §§1816 to 1816.4 approved by the Office of Administrative Law on 4 February 2026. ASWB figures come from ASWB directly. Section numbers are from the Business and Professions Code (BPC) unless marked 16 CCR.
Fees are half price until mid-2030. Because the Board's reserve exceeded the legal limit, its fees for registration, exams, application, issuance, and renewal are cut by 50 percent for the period 1 July 2026 through 30 June 2030 (16 CCR §§1816 to 1816.4, OAL matter 2025-1222-02). Every Board fee below is the reduced amount, with the standard amount in parentheses. ASWB and Live Scan fees are not Board fees and are not reduced.
California licenses social work at one level only, the clinical level, and the only way in is a master's degree from a school accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (BPC §4996.2(b)). There is no bachelor's license and no non-clinical master's license to fall back on.
You cannot count a single supervised hour until you are registered as an Associate Clinical Social Worker, with one exception. Under the 90-Day Rule (BPC §4996.23(b)), hours between graduation and the issue date of your ASW number count if the Board receives your application within 90 days of the degree date on your transcript, your employer had you Live Scan fingerprinted before you started gaining hours, and the setting is not a private practice or professional corporation. Keep the completed Live Scan form; it goes in with your licensure application years later.
$75 application ($150 standard), plus Live Scan: $32 DOJ, $17 FBI, and the operator's own service charge.
Complete a 12-hour California law and ethics course before you can register (BPC §4996.18(b)(3)).
A Board-administered exam, separate from ASWB. You must take it before your registration's first expiration date and at least once in every renewal cycle until you pass (16 CCR §1877.3(b)); the Board will not renew an ASW registration that has not participated (BPC §4996.28(a)(4)). The Board's own advice is to schedule it as soon as your number is issued, because a lapsed registration means hours that do not count.
Retakes carry a 90-day wait. Fail during a renewal cycle and you must complete a 12-hour California law and ethics course before you can retake in the next cycle (16 CCR §1877.2(a)(1)).
$75 per attempt ($150 standard), paid to the Board.
All post-master's, all within the six years before the Board receives your licensure application (BPC §4996.23(d)(4)). At least 1,700 hours under an LCSW, at least 2,000 clinical, at least 750 of those face-to-face psychotherapy, no more than 1,000 nonclinical, no more than 40 hours in any seven days. Every hour is tied to a weekly supervision requirement. The full rules are in Supervision & Practicum.
Submit the Application for Licensure with your Experience Verification forms (original signatures, one per supervisor and employer), your signed Supervision Agreements, W-2s for every year of experience claimed, proof of the required coursework, and your passed Law and Ethics Exam. The Board evaluates the application and tells you what is missing; you have one year to answer a deficiency letter before the application is abandoned (16 CCR §1806(a)).
$125 ($250 standard), paid to the Board.
You register with ASWB only after the Board approves your application, and you must take the exam within one year of that approval or the application closes and you start over, losing any hours older than six years. Fail, and you may retake after ASWB's 90-day wait without a new application, but only within one year of the failure notice (BPC §4996.4).
$260, paid to ASWB, each attempt.
After both exams are passed you request initial license issuance online through BreEZe and pay the issuance fee, within one year of passing the clinical exam. You may not practice independently until the license is actually issued. Renewal is every two years with 36 hours of continuing education; see Keeping the license below.
$100 initial issuance ($200 standard). Renewal $100 ($200 standard) plus a fixed $20 Mental Health Practitioner Education Fund fee (BPC §4996.65).
Most California MSW programs build these in; some do not, and out-of-state programs usually do not. Keep every syllabus. Hours are contact hours, and each one may be satisfied inside the degree or as a separate course from an acceptable provider.
Child abuse assessment and reporting, 7 hours (BPC §4996.2(h), 16 CCR §1807.2). Human sexuality, 10 hours (§4996.2(g)). Alcoholism and chemical substance dependency, 15 hours (§4996.2(e), 16 CCR §1807.3). Spousal or partner abuse assessment, detection, and intervention, 15 hours (§4996.2(f)). Aging and long-term care including elder and dependent adult abuse, 10 hours (§4996.25). Suicide risk assessment and intervention, 6 hours of coursework or supervised applied experience (§4996.27). Telehealth including its law and ethics, 3 hours (§4996.27.1).
Add 12 hours of California law and professional ethics and one semester unit or 15 hours on California cultures and the social and psychological implications of socioeconomic position (BPC §4996.17.2).
Live Scan fingerprinting runs a DOJ and FBI check at ASW registration; a conviction is reviewed under BPC §480, which turns on whether the offense is substantially related to the profession. One rule has no discretion in it: the Board shall not register or license anyone convicted of a crime involving sexual abuse of children, or anyone required to register under Penal Code §290 (BPC §4996.2(d)).
The Board applies the substantial-relationship criteria in 16 CCR §1812 and considers evidence of rehabilitation. Disclose everything; an undisclosed conviction is its own problem.
By credential (BPC §4996.17.1): if your out-of-state clinical license has been current, active, and unrestricted for at least two years, you skip the ASWB Clinical exam. You still need the California Law and Ethics Exam, 12 hours of California law and ethics, 15 hours on California cultures, 7 hours child abuse, 6 hours suicide risk, and fingerprints.
(§4996.17.2) Out-of-state supervised hours count if substantially equivalent to California's. If you come up short of 3,000, each month you held an active independent clinical license elsewhere is credited at 100 hours per month, up to 1,200 hours.
An ASW registration expires one year from the last day of the month it was issued, renews yearly, and can be renewed a maximum of five times. Nothing extends it past six years (BPC §4996.28(c)). If you are not licensed by then you may apply for a subsequent registration number, but only if you have passed the Law and Ethics Exam, and a subsequent number cannot be used in a private practice or professional corporation at all.
Not a courtesy. BPC §4996.18(g) requires every ASW and applicant to inform each client, before performing any professional service, that they are unlicensed and under the supervision of a licensed professional.
| Item | Fee | Paid to |
|---|---|---|
| ASW registration application | $75 ($150 standard) | BBS |
| Live Scan fingerprinting, DOJ and FBI processing | $32 + $17 + operator fee | Live Scan operator |
| Fingerprint hard cards, out-of-state applicants only | $49 | BBS |
| California Law and Ethics Exam, each attempt | $75 ($150 standard) | BBS |
| 12-hour law and ethics course after a failed exam cycle | provider's price | CE provider |
| ASW annual renewal | $75 ($150 standard) | BBS |
| LCSW application for licensure | $125 ($250 standard) | BBS |
| ASWB Clinical exam, each attempt | $260 | ASWB |
| Initial LCSW license issuance | $100 ($200 standard) | BBS |
| LCSW renewal, every 2 years | $100 ($200 standard) + $20 education fund | BBS |
| Renewal delinquency fee | half the renewal fee | BBS |
| Inactive status renewal, every 2 years | half the renewal fee | BBS |
| Retired license | $40 | BBS |
| Replacement license or registration | $20 | BBS |
| Certificate or letter of good standing | $25 | BBS |
| Exam rescoring | $20 | BBS |
What it adds up to. From ASW registration to a license in hand, at today's reduced rates: $75 registration, $75 Law and Ethics Exam, $125 application, $260 ASWB Clinical exam, and $100 issuance, so $635 if you pass everything first time, plus $75 for each yearly ASW renewal along the way (two years of hours means at least one) and the Live Scan charges. At standard rates the same path is $1,010. Renewal thereafter is $120 every two years plus continuing education.
BPC §4996.22(a)(1) sets the 36 hours; 16 CCR §1887.3(c) requires six of them to be in law and ethics, and a law and ethics course a supervisor takes for supervisor training does not satisfy those six. Keep completion records for at least two years; the Board audits.
Teaching an approved course earns the same hours as taking it, capped at 18 per cycle. A course cannot be claimed twice in one cycle, and a course taken as a probation condition earns nothing (16 CCR §1887.3).
Suicide risk assessment and intervention, 6 hours, by the first renewal after 1 January 2021 (BPC §4996.27(b)). Telehealth including law and ethics, 3 hours, by the first renewal after 1 July 2023 (§4996.27.1(b)). HIV and AIDS assessment and treatment, 7 hours, one time for every licensee (16 CCR §1887.3(b)). If you completed these for licensure you certify it; you do not repeat them.
Renewals postmarked after the expiration date pay a delinquency fee of half the renewal fee (BPC §4996.3(a)(8)). An expired license can be renewed for up to three years by paying that. After three years it cannot be renewed, restored, or reinstated; the only route is a new application and both exams again (§4996.6(d)).
Under BPC §4997 an inactive licensee pays half the renewal fee and is exempt from continuing education, but may not practice. Coming back mid-cycle means paying the other half, plus 18 hours of CE if the license expires within a year, or 36 hours if later.
Anyone supervising associates must complete at least six hours of professional development in supervision during each renewal period they supervise (16 CCR §1871(c)). Those hours count toward the 36 but not toward the six law and ethics hours.
To renew, an ASW pays the yearly fee, certifies three hours of continuing education in California law and ethics for that year (BPC §4992.09(e)), and has taken the Law and Ethics Exam in the cycle if not yet passed. The three hours are required every year even after the exam is passed.
The two bodies you will deal with. The Board of Behavioral Sciences (BBS) registers ASWs, administers the Law and Ethics Exam, approves licensure applications, and issues and renews the LCSW. ASWB runs the Clinical exam. License and registration numbers post to the state's BreEZe system before the paper certificate arrives.
BBS: Licensed Clinical Social Worker applicant page ↗ · BBS Statutes and Regulations, January 2026 (PDF) ↗
Where the Florida figures come from. Chapter 491, Florida Statutes (2026), the rules of the Board of Clinical Social Work, Marriage and Family Therapy and Mental Health Counseling in Chapter 64B4 of the Florida Administrative Code as published on flrules.org (rule effective dates run through July 2026), and the Board's own applicant pages at floridasmentalhealthprofessions.gov. ASWB figures come from ASWB directly. Citations read F.S. for statute and F.A.C. for rule.
Florida licenses social work at one level, the clinical level, and there is no bachelor's license. The degree must come from a CSWE-accredited program, or a Canadian-accredited or CSWE-evaluated equivalent, and it must have emphasized direct clinical services: a supervised field placement in your advanced direct-practice concentration, and 24 semester hours (32 quarter hours) of clinically oriented coursework including at least one course in psychopathology and no more than one in research (F.S. 491.005(1)(c)). Bachelor's-level courses do not count unless the graduate program certifies in writing that they waived a graduate requirement.
You must be a Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern before any post-master's experience counts; time spent before registration is lost (F.S. 491.0045(1), (4)). The application needs a letter from a Board-approved qualified supervisor agreeing to supervise you, and the Board will not issue the number until it has that letter (64B4-3.0085 F.A.C.). Hours under a supervisor the Board has not yet approved do not count either.
$150 application, nonrefundable (64B4-4.015 F.A.C.), plus background screening.
If your program was not clinically focused you may register after 15 semester (22 quarter) hours of the required coursework and finish the rest before exam approval (F.S. 491.005(1)(d)).
At least two years of post-master's clinical experience under a licensed clinical social worker who is a Board-qualified supervisor (F.S. 491.005(1)(d)). The rule turns that into three numbers: at least 100 hours of supervision spread over no fewer than 100 weeks, at least 1,500 hours of face-to-face psychotherapy with clients, and at least one hour of supervision every two weeks (64B4-2.002(1) F.A.C.). The details are in Supervision & Practicum.
Florida's exam is the ASWB Clinical exam, and since 1 January 2023 you are eligible to take it once you have documented 18 months of experience in clinical settings, not counting your practicum (64B4-3.003(2)(a) F.A.C.). You can therefore pass the exam before your two years are finished. Fail, and ASWB's 90-day wait applies.
$260, paid to ASWB, each attempt.
Before the license issues you must show an approved 8-hour Florida laws and rules course with an 80 percent test score, covering Chapters 456, 491, 394, 397, 39 and 415, section 90.503, and the Board's rules, and a 3-hour HIV/AIDS course (64B4-3.0035 F.A.C.; F.S. 491.0065). The HIV/AIDS course can be finished within six months after applying if you file an affidavit showing good cause.
The Application for Licensure by Examination goes in with the Verification of Clinical Experience form signed by your supervisor, your transcript, your course certificates, and both fees. The intern registration runs out five years after issue and cannot be renewed, so the application has to land inside that window (F.S. 491.0045(5), (6)). Renewal thereafter is every two years.
$100 application plus $75 initial license fee (64B4-4.002 F.A.C.), and a $5 unlicensed activity fee the Department adds; the Board's page totals it at $180.
Any intern registration issued after 31 March 2017 expires 60 months after issue, and there is no renewal (F.S. 491.0045(6)). If you are not licensed by then you have four routes: apply for licensure if you have everything, request the one-time hardship extension, apply for a provisional license if only coursework or the exam remains, or apply for a new intern registration. A third registration goes before the full Board.
One time only, 24 months, and only if you have already passed the ASWB exam, finished all coursework and practicum hours, and file the Exception Request Form at least 30 days before expiry with a written statement of the circumstance beyond your control. Not passing the exam does not qualify as a hardship (64B4-3.0085(10), (11) F.A.C.).
If your supervised experience is complete but coursework or the exam is not, or you are coming in by endorsement, you must hold a provisional license to practice while you finish (F.S. 491.0046). It costs $100 (64B4-4.014 F.A.C.), lasts 24 months, cannot be renewed or reissued, and requires supervision by a Florida-licensed clinician with at least one face-to-face hour a month until the full license arrives (64B4-3.008(2) F.A.C.). Once you have held one, you cannot go back to an intern registration in the same profession.
Florida's licensure-by-endorsement path runs through section 456.0145, Florida Statutes, using the Board's MOBILE application (64B4-3.0031 F.A.C.). Its terms are set in the general health-professions statute rather than in Chapter 491, so read 456.0145 itself before relying on it. Everyone licensed by endorsement still owes the laws and rules course, the HIV/AIDS course, and the domestic violence course within six months.
Board licensing pages ↗Only an active LCSW may use "licensed clinical social worker," "clinical social worker," "licensed social worker," "psychiatric social worker," or "psychosocial worker," and only a Chapter 491 or 490 licensee (or a psychiatric APRN) may describe services as "psychotherapy," "clinical social work," or "psychiatric social work" (F.S. 491.012). Using them without the license is a first-degree misdemeanor. Interns use "registered clinical social worker intern"; provisional licensees use "provisional clinical social worker licensee."
Florida also certifies a Certified Master Social Worker for administrative and non-clinical practice: an MSW, three years of experience with two post-master's under supervision, and an exam (F.S. 491.0145). It does not authorize clinical social work. It exists in the statute; ask the Board before planning around it.
| Item | Fee | Paid to |
|---|---|---|
| Registered intern application | $150 | Florida DOH |
| Background screening (Live Scan) | vendor fee | Screening vendor |
| ASWB Clinical exam, each attempt | $260 | ASWB |
| 8-hour laws and rules course | provider's price | Approved provider |
| 3-hour HIV/AIDS course | provider's price | Approved provider |
| LCSW application | $100 | Florida DOH |
| Initial license fee | $75 | Florida DOH |
| Unlicensed activity fee, with the application | $5 | Florida DOH |
| Provisional license application | $100 | Florida DOH |
| LCSW renewal, every 2 years | $115 | Florida DOH |
| Delinquent status fee | $105 | Florida DOH |
| Change of status mid-cycle | $105 | Florida DOH |
| Inactive status, and its 2-year renewal | $50 | Florida DOH |
| Reactivation from inactive | $50 | Florida DOH |
| Retired status | $50 | Florida DOH |
| Limited license for retired clinicians serving critical-need areas | $25 | Florida DOH |
What it adds up to. Intern registration $150, the ASWB Clinical exam $260, and $180 at application, so $590 in registration, exam, and licensing fees if you pass first time, plus the two required courses and the background screening. There is no yearly intern renewal in Florida; the registration is a single five-year fee. Renewal thereafter is $115 every two years plus continuing education.
No continuing education is required for your first renewal. Every renewal after that needs 30 approved hours including 2 hours on prevention of medical errors and 3 hours on professional ethics and boundaries or telehealth, with the same course not repeated in consecutive cycles (64B4-6.001(2) F.A.C.). Up to 6 of the 30 may be administrative or office-management courses.
A 2-hour domestic violence course within six months of initial licensure and then every third renewal, and 3 hours of laws and rules every third renewal after initial licensure (64B4-6.001(3), (4) F.A.C.; F.S. 456.031). Qualified supervisors add 4 hours of supervisory training every third renewal (64B4-6.0025(4)).
Courses from Board-approved providers, graduate courses from accredited clinical programs, and programs approved by NASW, ASWB, APA, NBCC, ACA, and the other bodies listed in 64B4-6.002(1)(e). Presenting earns up to 10 hours a cycle; attending one full day of a Board disciplinary meeting earns 3 hours in risk management. No credit for your regular job, committee work, self-directed study, personal therapy, writing, or receiving supervision (64B4-6.002(6)). Keep certificates two years; the Board gives 21 days to produce them on request.
Miss the renewal and the license becomes delinquent. You must apply for active or inactive status within the same biennium, paying the status fee, the $105 delinquency fee, and the missed continuing education; fail to do that before the biennium ends and the license is null and void with no further action by the Board (64B4-6.0012 F.A.C.).
Inactive costs $50 a cycle; coming back means the $50 reactivation fee, the current renewal fee, and the continuing education for every cycle you were inactive (64B4-6.0011). Retired status is $50; return within ten years by making up the CE and back fees, but after ten years you retake the ASWB exam and the laws and rules course (64B4-6.0014). Military spouses absent from Florida because of a service member's duties are exempt from renewal requirements while away (64B4-6.0013).
The license, or a true copy, must be displayed at every location where you practice, and "licensed clinical social worker" or "LCSW" must appear on all promotional material naming you: cards, brochures, stationery, advertisements, and signs (F.S. 491.0149). Interns and provisional licensees carry the same duty with their own titles.
The two bodies you will deal with. The Florida Department of Health, Division of Medical Quality Assurance, receives applications and fees and issues the registration and license; the Board of Clinical Social Work, Marriage and Family Therapy and Mental Health Counseling sets the rules and certifies that you qualify. ASWB runs the Clinical exam. Florida is not a member of the Social Work Licensure Compact.
Chapter 491, Florida Statutes ↗ · Board rules, Chapter 64B4 F.A.C. ↗
Where the Washington figures come from. Chapter 18.225 RCW (the statute, as amended through the 2025 session) and Chapter 246-809 WAC (the Department of Health's rules; the fee schedule effective 1 April 2026, the continuing education and supervision rules effective 2025), both read from the Legislature's own site, plus the Department of Health's licensing requirements page. ASWB figures come from ASWB directly. Washington has no board; the Department of Health issues, renews, and disciplines, advised by a committee.
Assessment, case management, consultation, and psychotherapy under the supervision of an LICSW, psychiatrist, psychologist, or psychiatric nurse practitioner (RCW 18.225.010(1)). It is a full license with its own exam, the ASWB Advanced Generalist, but it is not an independent clinical license.
Diagnosis and treatment of emotional and mental disorders, independently, for individuals, couples, families, groups, or organizations (RCW 18.225.010(7)). The ASWB Clinical exam. This is the license a private practice runs on.
An MSW graduate working toward either license holds a Licensed Social Worker Associate credential, Advanced or Independent Clinical, and declares which license they are working toward (RCW 18.225.145(1)). Associates may not provide social work independently for a fee and must work under an approved supervisor (18.225.145(2)). The associate license renews yearly with no cap on renewals; the old six-renewal limit was repealed in 2024 (18.225.145(6)).
Every one of the four credentials requires a CSWE-accredited master's or a social work doctorate (RCW 18.225.090(1)(a); WAC 246-809-320). Chapter 18.225 has no bachelor-level license; students in an approved program and employees of the state or federal government practicing within their duties are outside the chapter (RCW 18.225.030(2), (3)).
Or a social work doctorate from a recognized accredited university (RCW 18.225.090(1)(a)). There is no coursework checklist beyond the degree itself.
Apply to the Department of Health as a Licensed Social Worker Associate, Advanced or Independent Clinical, with a declaration that you are working toward that license. Since 1 October 2025 you may practice under an approved supervisor for up to 120 days from the day the Department receives your completed application, until the license is issued or denied, whichever comes first; the 120 days cannot be extended (RCW 18.225.145(2); WAC 246-809-097).
$35 application plus a $16 HEAL-WA online library fee (the surcharge applies to the independent clinical associate) (WAC 246-809-990).
Before supervision begins, your approved supervisor must give you a signed declaration on the Department's form that they meet the requirements of WAC 246-809-334. Keep it. The supervisor must have been licensed and in good standing for the previous two years, have 15 clock hours of supervision training, 25 hours of experience supervising, and two years of post-licensure clinical experience. Details in Supervision & Practicum.
Both licenses need 3,000 supervised hours. LASW: 800 hours of direct client contact and 90 hours of supervision, 40 of them one-to-one. LICSW: over at least two years, 1,000 hours of direct client contact supervised by an LICSW, and 100 hours of supervision, 70 with an LICSW and 60 one-to-one (RCW 18.225.090(1)(a); WAC 246-809-330). Three years as a substance use disorder professional within the last ten cuts the total to 2,880 or 2,600 hours (WAC 246-809-330(1)(b), (2)(b)).
Advanced Generalist for the LASW, Clinical for the LICSW (WAC 246-809-340; Department of Health licensing requirements). The Department accepts ASWB's passing score. You register with ASWB only after the Department accepts your license application and sends registration instructions.
$260, paid to ASWB, each attempt. ASWB's 90-day wait applies between attempts.
The license fee covers application and initial issue together. Renewal is yearly on your birthday, not every two years, though the continuing education cycle is two years (WAC 246-809-990(1); 246-809-630(3)).
$170 application and initial license, plus $16 HEAL-WA. Renewal $70 plus $16 each year (WAC 246-809-990).
An applicant who has held an active advanced or independent clinical social worker license in another state for the past year or more, with no disciplinary record or disqualifying criminal history, is deemed to have met Washington's supervised experience requirement (WAC 246-809-330(1)(a), (2)(a)). The exam and education requirements still apply.
Washington has enacted the Social Work Licensure Compact. As of September 2026 the Compact is activated but not yet issuing multistate licenses, so for now a Washington license is a Washington license. When multistate licenses arrive, Washington licensees will be eligible to apply for one; Texas and California are not member states.
Compact member states ↗An ABECSW Board Certified Diplomate in Clinical Social Work, or NASW's DCSW or QCSW, is accepted as meeting the education and postgraduate experience requirements for the exam, with documentation sent directly by the certifying body (WAC 246-809-321).
No one may represent themselves as a licensed advanced social worker, licensed independent clinical social worker, or either associate without holding that license from the Department (RCW 18.225.020). "Social worker" on its own is not on that list; the protected titles are the licensed ones.
| Item | Fee | Paid to |
|---|---|---|
| Associate application (LSWAA or LSWAIC) | $35 + $16 HEAL-WA | Washington DOH |
| Associate renewal, every year | $25 + $16 HEAL-WA | Washington DOH |
| Associate late renewal penalty | $25 | Washington DOH |
| Associate expired license reissuance | $40 | Washington DOH |
| ASWB Advanced Generalist or Clinical exam, each attempt | $260 | ASWB |
| LASW or LICSW application and initial license | $170 + $16 HEAL-WA | Washington DOH |
| LASW or LICSW renewal, every year | $70 + $16 HEAL-WA | Washington DOH |
| Late renewal penalty | $50 | Washington DOH |
| Expired license reissuance | $72.50 | Washington DOH |
| Retired active renewal, every year | $65 + $16 HEAL-WA | Washington DOH |
| Duplicate license | $10 | Washington DOH |
| Verification of license | $25 | Washington DOH |
What it adds up to. Associate application $51, two or three yearly associate renewals at $41 each, the ASWB exam $260, and $186 for the license: roughly $580 to $620 to reach either license if you pass first time. The HEAL-WA fee is a University of Washington online library subscription bundled into every application and renewal (WAC 246-809-990). Renewal thereafter is $86 a year plus continuing education.
Licensed social workers complete 32 hours of continuing education every two years: at least 6 in professional ethics and law, at least 2 in professional roles and boundaries taken separately from the ethics hours, and 2 in health equity every four years (WAC 246-809-630(3), effective 1 October 2025). The license itself renews yearly on your birthday.
At least once every six years, six hours of training in suicide assessment, treatment, and management from the Department's model list, the first during your first full CE period after licensure and counted inside the 32 hours (WAC 246-809-630(3)(d); 246-809-615). The second and later trainings must include advanced or treatment-modality content. Training taken within six years before licensure defers the first one; employees of state or local government or of licensed behavioral health agencies are covered by employer training of the same length.
Every associate completes 16 CE hours each year, 6 hours of ethics and law every two years, 2 hours in roles and boundaries, and 2 hours of health equity every four years. Social work associates must also finish the six-hour suicide assessment training after initial licensure and before the first renewal, then again within six years (WAC 246-809-632, effective 1 October 2025).
A retired active license lets you practice no more than 90 days a year in Washington, or in declared emergencies, for a $65 yearly renewal. It still requires 18 hours of CE every two years including six in ethics and law (WAC 246-809-730).
At the start of treatment every client gets a written disclosure: practice name, address, phone, your license number and name, your methods and therapeutic orientation, your education and training, the course of treatment where known, the cost per session and billing practices, the client's right to refuse treatment and choose a practitioner, and the Department of Health's complaint contact details. Client and licensee both sign and date it (RCW 18.225.100; WAC 246-809-710). Failing to provide it is grounds for discipline (246-809-720).
Read the rule, not the summary sites. Washington's hours were rewritten in 2023 and 2025 and older guides still show the previous 3,200 and 4,000-hour figures. The current text is RCW 18.225.090 and WAC 246-809-330.
Where the New York figures come from. Education Law Article 154 (sections 7701 to 7710), Part 74 of the Regulations of the Commissioner of Education, and the State Education Department Office of the Professions' own requirement pages for the LMSW and LCSW, all read from op.nysed.gov in September 2026. New York has no separate board issuing licenses; the State Education Department licenses, advised by the State Board for Social Work, and the Board of Regents disciplines.
The entry license: MSW, the ASWB Masters exam, and no experience requirement (Education Law §7704(1)). An LMSW may practice clinical social work, including diagnosis and psychotherapy, only under the supervision of an LCSW, licensed psychologist, or psychiatrist in an acceptable setting (Part 74.6).
Diagnosis, psychotherapy, and assessment-based treatment planning, independently. Requires the LMSW-level education plus 12 semester hours of clinical coursework, three years of supervised post-MSW clinical experience, and the ASWB Clinical exam (§7704(2)).
A notation added to an LCSW license after a further three years of supervised psychotherapy practice after licensure as an LCSW: 36 months and 2,400 client contact hours, at least 400 in any twelve-month period, under an LCSW-R, a qualified psychologist, or a psychiatrist, with at least two hours of consultation a month (Part 74.5; Office of the Professions Appendix A). Insurers use the R to decide whom they will reimburse for psychotherapy; the practice authority is the same as any LCSW.
New York has no bachelor-level social work license. The titles "licensed master social worker" and "licensed clinical social worker" and the designations LMSW and LCSW are restricted to licensees (§7702), and the practice of both professions is restricted to licensed or exempt persons.
A master's in social work from a program registered by the Department or found substantially equivalent: two years of full-time study, at least 60 semester hours, with no more than half as advanced-standing credit, including a field practicum of at least 900 clock hours (Part 74.1; Office of the Professions). For the LCSW the program must also include 12 semester hours of clinical coursework in diagnosis and assessment, clinical treatment, and practice with general and special populations; missing clinical hours can be completed after the degree, but not through continuing education.
Every applicant for the LMSW, the LCSW, or a limited permit must complete coursework or training in the identification and reporting of child abuse from a New York State approved provider (Education Law §6507(3)(a)). It is a one-time requirement and the certificate goes in with the application.
Approved child abuse course providers (OP) ↗File the Application for Licensure (Form 1) with the fee, have the school send Form 2 directly, and wait: an applicant may not register for the exam until the Office of the Professions approves the education and notifies ASWB. The LMSW requires the ASWB Masters examination (Part 74.2; Office of the Professions). Be at least 21 and of good moral character as the Department determines.
$294 for licensure and first registration, paid to the State Education Department (the statute sets $115 for the license and $155 for the triennial registration, §7704). $230 to ASWB for the exam.
At least 36 months of supervised experience in diagnosis, psychotherapy, and assessment-based treatment planning after the MSW, full-time or the part-time equivalent, over a continuous period of not more than six years, with at least 2,000 client contact hours and at least 100 hours of individual or group clinical supervision distributed across the period (§7704(2); Part 74.3, 74.6). Experience in New York must be gained as an LMSW or limited permit holder in an acceptable setting. Providing more than 2,000 hours faster does not shorten the three years.
Form 1 with the fee, Form 2 from the school, and Form 4B from each supervisor with proof the setting was authorized. The Department must approve the education and experience before you may register with ASWB for the Clinical exam (Part 74.2; Office of the Professions). Scores from another state's exam go from ASWB directly to the Department.
$294 for licensure and first registration; $260 to ASWB.
A New York license is for life; to practice or use the title you must be currently registered, and registration runs three years, with the second period prorated to move you to your birth month (Office of the Professions). Each registration carries the triennial fee and a $45 continuing education fee (Part 74.10(i)). Not practicing in New York? Inactive registration is free, but you may not use the title while inactive.
An applicant who has met every requirement except the examination may hold a limited permit to practice as an LMSW (under an LMSW or LCSW) or as an LCSW (under an LCSW) for a specific employment setting, valid for not more than twelve months and not renewable (§7705; Part 74.4). A private practice you own or operate is never an acceptable setting for a permit holder, and no supervisor may supervise more than five permit holders at once. Permits are not issued for public school employment.
$70, nonrefundable, on top of the $294 licensure application.
New York restricts who may employ licensed professionals. Acceptable settings for supervised clinical experience are professional entities (PC, PLLC, LLP, a licensee's sole proprietorship or partnership), programs operated, regulated, funded, or approved by the Office of Mental Health, OCFS, DOCCS, OTDA, the Office for the Aging, the Department of Health, a local governmental unit or social services district, entities holding an Education Department waiver, federal facilities such as the VA, and public schools (Part 74.6(a)). A general business corporation or a not-for-profit without authority may not employ you to provide restricted services; the supervisor must file the setting's certificate or operating authority with Form 4B.
Licensure by endorsement is available to a clinical social worker licensed elsewhere with at least 10 years of licensed clinical practice in the 15 years before applying, where the original license rested on an MSW with clinical content, supervised post-MSW experience, and the ASWB Clinical exam (Part 74.9; Office of the Professions). Otherwise you apply as a new applicant; experience from another state counts if it was post-MSW, in an authorized setting, under a qualified supervisor (Part 74.3).
Physicians, psychologists, nurses, mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, and other Article 163 licensees may practice within their own scope without a social work license, but none of them may use the titles LMSW or LCSW (§7706(1)). Employees of state-regulated programs were long exempt from licensure under a sunset provision that has been repeatedly extended; ask the Office of the Professions before relying on it.
| Item | Fee | Paid to |
|---|---|---|
| LMSW licensure and first registration | $294 | NYS Education Department |
| ASWB Masters exam, each attempt | $230 | ASWB |
| Child abuse identification course | provider's price | Approved provider |
| Limited permit (LMSW or LCSW) | $70 | NYS Education Department |
| Plan for supervised experience review (Form 6) | $10 | NYS Education Department |
| LCSW licensure and first registration | $294 | NYS Education Department |
| ASWB Clinical exam, each attempt | $260 | ASWB |
| Triennial registration (statutory fee) | $155 | NYS Education Department |
| Continuing education fee, each registration | $45 | NYS Education Department |
| Conditional registration for CE shortfall | registration fee again + $45 | NYS Education Department |
| Inactive registration | free | NYS Education Department |
What it adds up to. LMSW: $294 plus the $230 exam, so $524. LCSW on top of an existing LMSW: another $294 application and the $260 exam, so $554 more, plus whatever the three years of supervision cost you. The Office of the Professions bills $294 for licensure and first registration; the statute itemizes the license at $115 and the registration at $155, and the CE fee is $45 at each registration after the first.
Since 1 January 2015 each LMSW and LCSW completes 36 hours of continuing education per triennial registration period, prorated at one hour per month for shorter periods, and none at all for the registration period in which you were first licensed (§7710; Part 74.10). Someone holding both licenses owes 36 hours total, not 72. Hours cannot carry over between periods.
Courses count only from a Department-approved provider. Self-study may make up no more than 12 hours in a three-year period. Teaching an approved course or presenting at an approved conference earns instructional time plus up to two hours of preparation per hour presented, once per topic unless the material is new (Part 74.10(c)). Independent study and study groups earn nothing.
OP continuing education (LCSW) ↗A licensee who has not met the CE requirement may not be registered and may not practice, unless the Department issues a conditional registration on a plan to make up the deficiency; the fee is the registration fee again on top of the regular one, and it lasts no more than a year (§7710(3)). Practicing after a denial is a disciplinary matter.
If you are not practicing or using the title in New York you may register inactive at no charge. Resuming practice means re-registering and meeting any resumption CE the regulations require (Part 74.10(e)). The Department may also adjust the CE requirement for certified health reasons, extended active military duty, or other good cause.
Licensees must maintain adequate documentation of completed continuing education and provide it on the Department's request; failure to do so is an act of misconduct subject to discipline (§7710(2)(d)).
Read the law where it lives. Education Law Article 154 ↗ · Commissioner's Regulations Part 74 ↗ · Regents Rules Part 29 ↗
People use the word “supervision” for several different arrangements with different rules, different qualifying supervisors, and very different consequences if you get them wrong. What students may do in field placement, how many hours a clinical license takes, who may sign for them, and what can void them are all set by each state. The one thing every program shares comes first. Pick your state for the rest.
Under CSWE's 2022 accreditation standards, programs must provide a minimum of 400 hours of field education at the baccalaureate level and 900 hours at the master's level.
These are accreditation minimums your program has to meet, not licensure hours. The supervised experience for a clinical license is counted after the degree, under your state's rules, and each state decides when that clock starts.
Field education is governed by your program and CSWE. Licensing boards regulate licensees and, in most states, people registered on the way to a license; students in an accredited program are covered by their program's arrangements and their state's exemption for supervised students. What you may call yourself, what tasks you may perform, and whether any of it counts later are state questions, answered below once you pick a state.
Pick your state above. The license names, the exams beyond ASWB, the supervised hours, every fee, and the renewal rules are set by each state's board. Nothing below this line appears until a state is chosen.
Where the Texas figures come from. The Texas supervision rules were substantially rewritten effective 18 March 2026; everything below reflects that version of the Behavioral Health Executive Council's rulebook.
Not a loophole and not an oversight. Occupations Code §505.003(a)(3) puts activity conducted by a social work student, intern, or trainee outside the Act entirely, so long as it is in connection with an institution of higher education accredited by CSWE.
The exemption attaches to the connection with your accredited program, not to you personally. Work you pick up outside the placement your program arranged is not covered by it, even if the tasks look identical.
The practice exemption is not a title exemption. Protected titles under the Act belong to licensees, and a student using one is a separate problem from whether the underlying activity was permitted.
Identify yourself by your training status, for example social work intern, practicum student, or BSW student. Let the agency's own job titles do the rest, and do not let a business card or an email signature imply a license you do not hold.
Useful for understanding your coworkers. Under §505.003(a)(2), a volunteer or staff member is outside the Act as long as they do not represent the service as social work, represent themselves as a social worker, or use a title implying social work licensure.
Advocates, case aides, and hotline staff often do work that overlaps with social work tasks. They are lawfully doing it. The line is title and representation, not the substance of the help.
If you serve as a field or practicum instructor, you may claim one hour of continuing education per hour of college credit awarded to the student, capped at 10 hours per renewal period. Those hours cannot count toward the ethics or distinct population requirements.
These are not interchangeable, and the difference between the second and third is where people lose time. An LPC or psychologist can supervise your clinical practice. Only an LCSW holding supervisor status can supervise you toward the LCSW. Working for two years under the wrong one does not produce hours you can use.
Ordinary employment supervision of an employee, contractor, or volunteer, unconnected to licensure, specialty recognition, a disciplinary order, or a condition of licensure. It requires no recognition from the Council, and most of the rules in this section do not apply to it.
Supervision of an LMSW who is providing clinical services, where the point is safe practice rather than accruing hours. This may be provided by a Licensed Professional Counselor, Licensed Psychologist, LMFT, LCSW, or psychiatrist.
This is legitimate supervision and it is not qualifying supervision. If your goal is the LCSW, confirm in writing which type you are in before you start.
Supervision of an LMSW providing clinical services under a supervision plan, for the purpose of qualifying for the LCSW. This must be provided by an LCSW who holds supervisor status. No other license qualifies, however experienced the person is.
Supervision of an LMSW or LBSW providing non-clinical social work services toward independent non-clinical practice recognition.
Supervision imposed by a disciplinary order or as a condition of new or continued licensure. The supervisor must understand the order, address the behaviors that led to discipline, and help build strategies to avoid repeating them.
Rule 781.402(c) is one sentence and easy to skip: a supervisor shall supervise only supervisees whose services fall within the supervisor's own competency. A supervisor with no trauma or DV background taking on a shelter caseload is a problem for both of you.
Under 781.405(a), to accrue supervised clinical experience the LMSW and the LCSW supervisor must complete a supervision plan on a Council form (or one with substantially equivalent information), signed by both. Hours worked before a signed plan exists are hours you are hoping someone will accept later.
The supervisor must update the plan whenever your employing agency, job function, supervision goals, or method of supervision changes. A plan describing a job you left is not a current plan.
Active license and supervisor status are two separate things, and you need both. A supervisor must maintain the license, the status, and the qualifications throughout, and providing supervision without them is itself grounds for discipline.
See the card below on voided hours. The consequence of your supervisor's lapse lands on your timeline, not only theirs, so check the licensee search periodically rather than once at the start.
If your supervisor is not at your agency, rule 781.403(a)(2) requires written approval from your employer, and a copy has to live in the supervisor's file. A verbal understanding with a program director does not satisfy it.
A supervision file on each supervisee containing the supervision plan; a clear job description and responsibilities for every position you hold during the supervised experience, including duties not subject to supervision; a list of locations where you provide services; a log of experience and supervision showing the date and duration of every meeting and accumulated hours; the employer's written approval for outside supervision; and a copy of any remediation plan.
The file must also contain an established plan for custody and control of your supervision records if the supervisor dies, becomes incapacitated, or closes their practice. Ask to see it. It is the only thing standing between you and reconstructing two years of hours from memory.
Rule 781.403(a)(3): a supervisor who is otherwise compensated for supervisory duties may not charge or collect a fee, or anything of value, from the supervisee for that supervision. If your employer pays someone to supervise you as part of their job, they cannot also invoice you for it.
Your supervisor may not be employed by you or under your employment supervision, and may not be a family member. Both of you are also required to avoid forming any relationship that impairs objective professional judgment or ethical behavior.
In a rural county the pool of LCSW-S supervisors is small and these constraints bite quickly. See the small town cards in Foundations & Ethics; the analysis there applies, but the family and employment bars here are hard rules rather than judgment calls.
Under 781.405(c), when you request it, your LCSW supervisor shall submit the completed and signed supervision verification form to the Council within 30 days. This exists because supervisors sometimes stall, and a supervisee with no leverage cannot get licensed. It is a deadline, not a courtesy.
Rule 781.404(g): a supervisor who loses authorization, whether by failing to maintain their license and status or through disciplinary action, must immediately inform every supervisee, assist them in finding alternate supervision, and refund all supervisory fees paid after the date they ceased to hold supervisor status.
This is the one to worry about. If either your license or your supervisor's is revoked, suspended, placed on probated suspension, or becomes delinquent or expired during supervision, the hours accumulated during that period will not be accepted unless the Council approves them. A supervisor who simply forgets to renew can quietly erase months of your work, and you will not find out until you submit. Check their status on the Council's licensee search on a schedule, and keep your own parallel log of hours.
Rule 781.405(d) is explicit: an LMSW who has completed clinical supervision may not provide clinical social work services outside of appropriately supervised practice until the LCSW license is actually issued. The gap between your last hour and the license arriving is still supervised time.
Rule 781.407(a): an LMSW planning to apply for the LCSW may not own or operate a private practice providing clinical social work. More broadly, a licensee without independent practice recognition and not under a non-clinical supervision plan must not engage in independent practice at all.
The Council applies IRS and Texas Workforce Commission tests for employee versus independent contractor, looking at behavioral control, financial control, and the relationship of the parties. Being called a contractor does not settle it either way.
If your supervisor concludes you lack the skills to practice under an independent license, rule 781.403(d) requires them to write and implement a remediation plan. If you receive one, you are obligated to give a copy to any other current or future supervisor, along with documentation of successful completion.
You can get a temporary license before examination if you meet every other requirement. You then must take the exam within six months, and the license is valid only until you attempt the exam or those six months run out.
The temporary license is immediately invalid. You must cease and desist from using the license and title, and return the certificate and card to the Council. You also cannot begin supervision toward independent clinical practice on a temporary license; that waits for the regular license.
Supervision may be one-on-one, group, or a mix. Groups must have at least two and no more than six supervisees. Remote supervision is permitted where it complies with HIPAA and Texas Health and Safety Code Chapter 611, though the Council states a preference for shared physical location for a substantial part of the experience, and the plan must explain how the format serves your growth and protects confidentiality.
Supervision must occur in proportion to hours actually worked, and no more than 10 hours count in any 30-day period. You cannot bank supervision in a burst at the end.
Rule 781.403(f): if you provide client services for payment or reimbursement, the billing submitted to the client or third-party payer must clearly show the services provided, who provided them, your licensure category, and the fact that you are under supervision. This is a disclosure obligation, not an internal formality.
Both supervisor and supervisee bear professional responsibility for the supervisee's professional activities. If you are notified of a pending complaint against you, rule 781.403(e) requires you to inform each of your supervisors.
Before entering a supervision plan the supervisor must know the actual or intended terms of service between you and your clients, and shall not provide supervision if you are practicing outside your license's scope. If they believe you are, the rule requires them to report it to the Council.
The rules require your supervisor to keep the official file, but the documentation you must produce on request is partly yours: employment status, pay vouchers, and supervisory evaluations. Your application will need the names and contact details of all supervisors, beginning and ending dates, job descriptions, and average hours of social work activity per week.
Keep your own running log from day one with dates, durations, and topics, plus copies of every signed evaluation. If a supervisor becomes unreachable, that log is what you have.
Rules 781.402 through 781.407 and 781.411 as amended effective 18 March 2026, from the BHEC consolidated social work rulebook. Student and staff exemptions from Occupations Code §505.003. Field hour minimums from the CSWE 2022 Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards. Confirm current forms and requirements with the Council before relying on any of it.
Where the California figures come from. The Board of Behavioral Sciences' Statutes and Regulations (January 2026 edition) and its Handbook for Future LCSWs (May 2024). Section numbers are from the Business and Professions Code (BPC) unless marked 16 CCR. California has one supervised pathway, the ASW toward the LCSW, so there is no non-clinical track and no supervisor credential to apply for; supervisors qualify by meeting the rules below.
The Board of Behavioral Sciences regulates LCSWs and registered ASWs. In its own words, it does not regulate students who are gaining a degree in social work. Your field placement is governed by your program and CSWE, not by the Board.
Nothing from the practicum counts toward the LCSW. Every one of the 3,000 hours must be post-master's (BPC §4996.23(a)); the only pre-registration hours that count are post-degree hours under the 90-Day Rule. Marriage and family therapy trainees may count up to 1,300 pre-degree hours in California (BPC §4980.43); ASWs may count none.
Once registered you are an Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW. Before performing any professional service you must tell each client that you are unlicensed and under the supervision of a licensed professional (BPC §4996.18(g)). That disclosure is a legal duty on you, not on your employer.
Apply for ASW registration within 90 days of your degree date, get Live Scan fingerprinted by the employer before you start, stay out of private practice settings, and the hours you gain while the Board processes your application count once the registration is granted (BPC §4996.23(b)). Miss the 90 days and those hours are gone.
3,000 hours, at least 104 weeks, inside six years. All of BPC §4996.23 turns on those three limits. The hours must be gained within the six years immediately before the Board receives your licensure application, and no more than 40 hours may be credited in any seven consecutive days.
At least 1,700 of the 3,000 must be supervised by a licensed clinical social worker (BPC §4996.23(d)(1)). The remainder may be under a psychiatrist certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, an LPCC, an LMFT, a licensed psychologist, or a licensed educational psychologist, though an LEP may supervise at most 1,200 hours and only educationally related services.
Clinical psychosocial diagnosis, assessment, and treatment must total at least 2,000 hours, and at least 750 of those must be face-to-face individual or group psychotherapy provided in the context of clinical social work (BPC §4996.23(d)(2)).
Client-centered advocacy, consultation, evaluation, research, direct supervisor contact, and supervisor-approved workshops, seminars, trainings, and conferences directly related to clinical social work cap out at 1,000 hours (BPC §4996.23(d)(3)).
In each work setting, every week you credit hours must contain at least one hour of direct supervisor contact, and a week in which you provide more than 10 hours of clinical services in a setting needs one hour more (BPC §4996.23.1(a)). Supervision must fall in the same week as the hours (§4996.23.1(e)). No more than six hours of supervision are credited in any week.
One hour of individual supervision (one supervisor, one supervisee), one hour of triadic supervision (one supervisor, two supervisees), or two hours of group supervision with no more than eight in the group. Real-time two-way video counts as face-to-face; the supervisor must assess whether video is appropriate for you within 60 days of starting, and document it.
Group supervision can carry at most half your weeks. Of the 52 weeks of individual or triadic supervision, at least 13 must be under an LCSW (BPC §4996.23.1(f), (g)).
Once the 3,000 hours are in, you still owe at least one hour of direct supervisor contact per week for each setting where you do direct clinical work, until you are licensed (BPC §4996.23.1(i)). Supervision of nonclinical work at that point is at the supervisor's discretion.
A supervisor must hold an active California license (or equivalent out-of-state license) as an LCSW, LMFT, LPCC, psychologist, LEP, or ABPN-certified psychiatrist for at least two of the five years before supervising, and must have practiced psychotherapy or supervised it for two of those five years (BPC §4996.20(a)). The license must be active and not under suspension or probation. Check it any time at search.dca.ca.gov.
15 hours of supervision training before supervising for the first time in California, taken within two years before or 60 days after starting; six hours of supervision professional development in every renewal period they supervise; six hours to return after two years away. A current AAMFT, ABECSW, CAMFT, or CCE approved supervisor credential substitutes for all of it (16 CCR §1871).
Your spouse, domestic partner, or relative cannot supervise you, nor can anyone who has provided you therapy, nor anyone with a past or present personal, professional, or business relationship that undermines the supervision (BPC §4996.20(a)(4), (6), (7)). Hours gained under a spouse or relative are not credited, full stop (§4996.23.2(e)).
In a nonexempt setting such as a private practice or professional corporation, a supervisor may serve as individual or triadic supervisor for no more than six pre-licensed people at one time (BPC §4996.23.3(c)). If you are in a private practice, your supervisor must be employed by, contracted by, or an owner of that practice, and must either see clients there or hold a written contract giving them the same access to your records that employees have (§4996.23.3(b)).
The Board shall not deny hours because the supervisor did not complete the training, coursework, or professional development required of supervisors (16 CCR §1871(e)). The Board can audit supervisors, who must keep proof of their qualifications for seven years after supervision ends (BPC §4996.21). Their lapse is their problem, not your hours.
For any supervisory relationship formed on or after 1 January 2022, you and your supervisor must sign the Board's Supervision Agreement within 60 days of starting (16 CCR §1869(c)). It carries the supervisory plan, goals, and objectives. You keep the original and submit it with your licensure application.
Supervision Agreement form (BBS) ↗When your supervisor is not employed by your employer, or is a volunteer, the supervisor and employer must sign a written oversight agreement before supervision begins (BPC §4996.23.3(d); 16 CCR §1869(a)). It gives the supervisor access to your clinical records and commits the employer not to interfere. On employer letterhead, signed and dated, and it goes in with your application.
You must keep a log of every hour claimed, signed by your supervisor each week, and retain it until you are licensed; the Board can demand any part of it (16 CCR §1869(d)). Logs are not submitted with the application. What is submitted is the Experience Verification form, one per supervisor and employer, with original signatures, completed when that supervision ends.
Handbook for Future LCSWs, forms section (BBS) ↗Experience only counts in a setting that lawfully and regularly provides clinical social work, mental health counseling, or psychotherapy, and that provides oversight to keep your work inside the experience and supervision rules and the scope of practice (BPC §4996.23.2(c)). Only work in the position you were hired or volunteered for counts (§4996.23.2(d)).
W-2 or volunteer. Never a contractor. An ASW may perform services only as an employee or a volunteer, never as an independent contractor (BPC §4996.23.2(a)). You will hand the Board your W-2s for every year claimed, or a letter verifying volunteer status. A 1099 arrangement, however it is described to you, produces hours the Board will not accept.
Hours earned while your ASW registration is expired do not count, and most employers will not let you work on one. The usual cause is the Law and Ethics Exam: it must be taken before your first expiration date and once per cycle until passed, or you cannot renew (16 CCR §1877.3). Renew on time, every year.
You may not be employed by, or volunteer in, a private practice or professional corporation until the Board has issued your ASW registration (BPC §4996.23(c)). The 90-Day Rule does not cover those settings. And a subsequent registration number, the kind issued after the six-year limit, bars private practice entirely (§4996.28(c)).
You may not accept any payment from clients; only your employer may pay you (BPC §4996.23.2(h)). You may not hold any ownership interest in the employer, and you may not rent space, or pay for furnishings, equipment, supplies, or any other obligation of the employer (§4996.23.2(i)). Arrangements where the associate pays the practice are exactly what this rule targets.
Only hours gained within the six years before the Board receives your application count (BPC §4996.23(d)(4)). Take a long break in the middle, or miss the one-year clinical exam deadline and have to reapply, and your earliest hours can age out.
Consultation and peer discussion are not supervision and do not produce supervised experience (BPC §4996.20(b)). Supervision means responsibility for and control of the quality of your services: reviewing your notes, monitoring your assessments and treatment decisions, and, with client consent, observing or reviewing recordings of your sessions.
You may only provide services at places where your employer permits business to be conducted (BPC §4996.23.3(a)). Telehealth within scope is allowed for ASWs (§4996.23.2(j)), but the employer still has to be the one offering the service.
A supervisor must give you at least one week's written notice of an intent not to sign for further hours. Without that notice, the supervisor must sign for hours you gained in good faith where supervision was actually provided (16 CCR §1870(b)).
Supervisors must complete ongoing assessments of your strengths and limitations and give you a copy of each one (16 CCR §1870(a)(10)). They must also give you written procedures for reaching them, or an on-call alternate, in a crisis (§1870(a)(11)).
A stipend or loan repayment from a program built to bring underrepresented groups into the profession or to staff underserved settings still leaves you an employee for these purposes, as does reimbursement of actual expenses while volunteering (BPC §4996.23.2(f), (g)). Keep the paperwork; the Board may audit and the burden is on you.
Alternative supervision may be arranged during a supervisor's vacation or sick leave, provided the substitute meets every supervisor requirement and signs your supervision agreement and weekly log (BPC §4996.23.1(h); 16 CCR §1870.3). For 30 days or less the substitute follows your existing supervisory plan; beyond 30 days a new plan is required and the substitute verifies those hours.
Two more Board publications worth reading before you sign anything: the Guide to Supervision for Associates ↗ and the ASW Supervisor Qualifications sheet ↗, both from the Board of Behavioral Sciences.
Where the Florida figures come from. Chapter 491, Florida Statutes (2026), and Board rules in Chapter 64B4 F.A.C. as published on flrules.org; the supervision definition in 64B4-2.002 and the supervisor duties in 64B4-2.0025 were last amended effective 6 July 2026, and everything below reflects that version. Florida has one supervised pathway, the registered intern toward the LCSW.
F.S. 491.014(4)(c) exempts a student pursuing a degree in a profession regulated by Chapter 491 who provides services in a training setting as part of a supervised course of study, provided the student uses the title "student intern." The exemption is tied to the program's placement, not to you personally.
A registered intern must complete all hours associated with the clinical practicum, either through the graduate program or under a qualified supervisor, before any hours toward the experience requirement may be counted (64B4-3.0085(5) F.A.C.). If your program did not provide the placement Chapter 491 expects, a qualified supervisor can file a supervision plan and later a verification form to make it up outside the academic setting (491.0045(1); 64B4-3.0085(6), (7)).
Salaried employees of government agencies, licensed mental health, substance abuse, and developmental disability facilities, child-placing agencies, certified domestic violence centers, accredited academic institutions, and research institutions need no license or registration while performing the duties they were trained and hired for inside that setting, as long as they are not held out to the public as a clinical social worker (F.S. 491.014(4)(a)). Salaried staff of private nonprofits counseling children and families at no charge are covered too (491.014(4)(b)).
Once registered you are a Registered Clinical Social Worker Intern, and those words must appear on every card, brochure, advertisement, and sign that names you; the registration itself must be displayed at each location where you gain hours (F.S. 491.0149(2)). Using "clinical social worker," "licensed social worker," or "psychotherapy" to describe yourself or your services before licensure is a misdemeanor (491.012).
Two years, 100 weeks, 100 hours of supervision, 1,500 hours of face-to-face psychotherapy. F.S. 491.005(1)(d) requires at least two years of post-master's clinical social work experience under a qualified supervisor. Rule 64B4-2.002(1) credits the time only if you received at least 100 hours of supervision in no fewer than 100 weeks, provided at least 1,500 hours of face-to-face psychotherapy with clients, and received at least one hour of supervision every two weeks.
Supervision must focus on the raw data from your face-to-face psychotherapy, which you make available through written clinical materials, direct observation, and audio or video recordings. It is distinct from personal psychotherapy and from didactic instruction (64B4-2.002(2) F.A.C.).
Group supervision must alternate hour for hour with individual supervision, and group sessions must be held with everyone physically present (64B4-2.002(4) F.A.C.). A qualified supervisor may supervise no more than 25 registered interns at once (2.002(5)).
Supervisory sessions may be held by face-to-face electronic means, but at least 50 percent of the required interactions must be in person, and the first meeting must be in person before any online supervision starts (64B4-2.002(3) F.A.C.). A supervisor may go fully electronic, telephone included, only on a professional judgment that it is necessary to protect the health, safety, or welfare of the supervisor or intern and is not detrimental to clients (2.002(7)).
Psychotherapy by electronic means counts toward the 1,500 hours if you and your supervisor have a written telehealth protocol and safety plan that keeps the supervisor readily available during sessions, and you have both judged that electronic delivery is not detrimental to the client (64B4-2.002(6) F.A.C.). In a private practice setting the plan must also provide a licensed mental health professional reachable by synchronous electronic means, which satisfies the "on the premises" rule (2.002(8)).
You may take the ASWB Clinical exam after 18 months of documented experience in clinical settings, not counting the practicum (64B4-3.003(2)(a) F.A.C.). Passing it early is also what unlocks the hardship extension if the five-year registration runs out.
You must continue in supervision and keep using the intern title until you are in receipt of the license or a Department letter saying you are licensed, even after the two-year requirement is satisfied (64B4-3.008(1) F.A.C.). Provisional licensees owe at least one face-to-face hour a month with a Florida-licensed supervisor until the license arrives (3.008(2)).
A qualified supervisor for clinical social work holds an active Florida LCSW (or the out-of-state equivalent), has four years of clinical social work experience, of which two may be the post-master's internship and two must be post-licensure, and has completed supervisor training after licensure: a graduate course in supervision, a Board-approved 12-hour live continuing education course meeting 64B4-6.0025, a post-graduate field instructor course, or AAMFT Approved Supervisor designation (64B4-11.007(3) F.A.C.).
May qualify as your supervisor if they can show nine semester hours of graduate social work coursework across three of six listed content areas (64B4-11.007(1)(c)).
A supervisor must file the Qualified Supervisor Statement (DH-MQA 5049) before supervising any intern, send the Board a signed letter agreeing to supervise you, and must not begin until they have confirmed your registration status and received the Board's approval letter for you (64B4-2.0025(4), (5)(a), (b) F.A.C.). Changing or adding a supervisor needs a new letter and a new approval before those hours count (64B4-3.0085(3), (4)).
Under 64B4-2.0025(5): keep the Supervision Log (DH-MQA 5078) and give you access to a copy; report scope or standard-of-care violations to the Board within seven days; file the Verification of Clinical Experience (DH-MQA 1181) within seven days after supervision ends; notify the Board within seven days if supervision ends for any reason; keep both of you current on continuing education and rule changes; and terminate the relationship if they cannot supervise adequately. Failing any of it is a disciplinary violation for the supervisor.
A supervisor is deemed within scope by following a written policy that includes entering a supervision contract with the intern covering expectations, meetings, and cost, providing training and feedback throughout, keeping you current on the Code of Ethics, documenting supervisory sessions, and setting clear personal and professional boundaries (64B4-2.0025(7) F.A.C.). Ask for the contract before the first session; it is the document that settles fee disputes later.
Hours before registration, and hours before approval, do not exist. Time spent completing the experience requirement before registering as an intern does not count (F.S. 491.0045(4)), and experience under a supervisor the Board has not yet approved does not count either (64B4-3.0085(4) F.A.C.). Get the registration number and the approval letter, then start.
The registration expires 60 months after issue with no renewal (F.S. 491.0045(6)). Plan the two years, the 18-month exam eligibility, and the application inside it. The one-time 24-month extension exists only for a documented hardship after you have passed the exam and finished all coursework, requested at least 30 days before expiry (64B4-3.0085(10), (11)).
A licensed mental health professional must be on the premises when a registered intern provides clinical services in a private practice setting (F.S. 491.005(1)(d)). Since July 2026 "on the premises" includes a licensed professional present and available by synchronous electronic means, but only if your written telehealth protocol and safety plan says so (64B4-2.002(8) F.A.C.).
The rule credits your time only if you received at least one hour of supervision every two weeks (64B4-2.002(1)(c) F.A.C.). A supervisor's month-long absence with no cover is a gap in the record, and the Verification of Clinical Experience form is what the Board reads.
Each hour of group supervision must alternate with an hour of individual supervision, and group means three to six interns in the room, in person (64B4-2.002(4) F.A.C.). Two consecutive group hours do not both count.
Every piece of promotional material naming you must carry "registered clinical social worker intern," and the registration must be displayed where you work (F.S. 491.0149(2)). Calling yourself a clinical social worker or offering "psychotherapy" in your own name before licensure is a first-degree misdemeanor (491.012).
Someone who has held a provisional license may not apply for an intern registration in the same profession (F.S. 491.0045(7)). If your experience is not actually complete, a provisional license is the wrong tool.
The supervisor, not you, must submit the completed Verification of Clinical Experience to the Board within seven days after supervision concludes, and must respond to Board requests for corrections within seven days (64B4-2.0025(5)(g), (k) F.A.C.). A supervisor who sits on the form is in violation.
The supervisor must document supervision on the Board's Supervision Log and provide you access to a copy (64B4-2.0025(5)(e) F.A.C.). Keep your own copy as it accrues; the Board reads the supervisor's verification, but the log is your evidence if the two ever disagree.
The supervision contract the rule expects covers expectations, meetings, and cost (64B4-2.0025(7)(a) F.A.C.). Get the fee, the schedule, and what happens on cancellation in writing before hour one.
Supervision received in another jurisdiction counts if the supervisor was licensed or certified there, or lived where licensure was not required, and met Florida's education and experience standards for the LCSW (64B4-11.007(1)(b) F.A.C.). The Board reviews alternative verification case by case when the standard form cannot be completed (64B4-3.0015(2)).
Forms the Board expects to see: the Qualified Supervisor Statement (DH-MQA 5049), the Supervision Log (DH-MQA 5078), the Verification of Clinical Experience (DH-MQA 1181), and, where the practicum was not satisfied in your program, the Supervision Plan and Practicum Verification forms. All are on the Board's resources page.
Where the Washington figures come from. Chapter 18.225 RCW and Chapter 246-809 WAC, read from the Legislature's site. The supervision standards in WAC 246-809-020 took effect 22 May 2025 and the social work hours in WAC 246-809-330 on 12 June 2025; everything below reflects those versions. Washington calls the person accruing hours a licensure candidate, and the supervisor an approved supervisor.
RCW 18.225.030(3) places outside the chapter a regular student in an educational program based on recognized national standards and approved by the Department, whose services are pursuant to a regular course of instruction or assignments from an instructor and under the instructor's general supervision. The exemption is tied to the program and the assignment, not to you.
The 3,000 hours for either license are postgraduate supervised experience (WAC 246-809-330), accrued after the degree under an approved supervisor, for most people on an associate license or a pending associate application. Nothing from the MSW field placement counts.
Once licensed you are a Licensed Social Worker Associate, Advanced or Independent Clinical, and the title is protected (RCW 18.225.020). During the first professional contact every client gets a disclosure form stating that you are an associate under the supervision of an approved supervisor (RCW 18.225.145(3); WAC 246-809-710(2)). Both of you communicate the nature of the supervisory relationship to clients, other professionals, and the public (WAC 246-809-020(2)(a)).
Government employees performing duties prescribed by state or federal law, practice under the auspices of a religious organization, and individuals credentialed under another part of the health professions title practicing within that scope are not restricted by Chapter 18.225 (RCW 18.225.030). Everyone else offering social work for a fee needs a license or associate license.
3,000 hours for either license, and one supervision hour for every 80 hours of practice. The totals are in RCW 18.225.090 and WAC 246-809-330; the pace is in WAC 246-809-020(2)(b), which requires regular supervision of at least one hour for every 80 hours of the candidate's clinical practice time.
Of the 3,000 hours, 800 must be direct client contact. Ninety hours must be direct supervision by an LICSW, an LASW, or an equally qualified licensed mental health professional, with the supervising social worker licensed at least two years; at least 40 of those hours are one-to-one and the other 50 may be one-to-one or group (RCW 18.225.090(1)(a)(i); WAC 246-809-330(1)).
Over not less than two years: 1,000 hours of direct client contact supervised by an LICSW, and 100 hours of direct supervision, at least 70 with an LICSW who has at least one year of experience supervising others, the rest with an equally qualified practitioner; at least 60 of the 100 must be one-to-one (RCW 18.225.090(1)(a)(ii); WAC 246-809-330(2)).
One-on-one supervision is one supervisor and one candidate; group supervision is one supervisor and no more than six candidates. Both may be face-to-face or virtual (WAC 246-809-310(4), (7)).
Beyond the LICSW (and, for LASW candidates, the LASW), supervision may come from a licensed mental health counselor, licensed marriage and family therapist, licensed psychologist, physician practicing as a psychiatrist, or psychiatric nurse practitioner (WAC 246-809-310(2), (3)), inside the LICSW minimums above.
Three years of practice as a substance use disorder professional within the ten years before applying reduces the total to 2,880 hours for the LASW and 2,600 for the LICSW; the client-contact and supervision minimums do not change (WAC 246-809-330(1)(b), (2)(b)).
Your services, caseload and treatment plans, the theory and practice behind your work, Washington laws and rules, standards of practice, coordination with other professionals, and relevant literature and research (WAC 246-809-020(2)(d)). For a candidate on a pending application, the supervisor must review and agree with every assessment or diagnosis before it goes to the client (020(2)(c)).
An approved supervisor holds an unrestricted license that has been active and in good standing for the previous two years, has two years of post-licensure clinical experience, has completed at least 15 clock hours of clinical supervision training through a course, CE, or supervision of supervision, and has 25 hours of experience supervising clinical practice (WAC 246-809-334(1), (4)).
Before supervision begins the supervisor must give you a declaration on the Department's form that they meet WAC 246-809-334 (334(3)). They must also attest to thorough knowledge of your practice setting, recordkeeping, financial management, ethics, and your backup plan for coverage when you are unavailable to clients (334(5)).
DOH forms and requirements ↗A blood or legal relative, a cohabitant, a peer (a co-worker who is not your employer or supervisor), or anyone who has been your therapist in the past two years cannot be your approved supervisor (WAC 246-809-334(2)).
To qualify and to tell you immediately if they stop qualifying; to have the expertise to supervise your work; to make sure you have the education and preparation for it; to provide enough training and supervision to keep clients safe; and to keep documentation of the supervision provided (WAC 246-809-020(3)).
Hours count on an associate license or, since 1 October 2025, on a pending associate application for up to 120 days after the Department receives it (RCW 18.225.145(2); WAC 246-809-097). The 120 days end at issue or denial, whichever is first, and cannot be extended. If the license has not issued by day 120, you stop.
Collect the supervisor's declaration (WAC 246-809-334(3)), give every client the associate disclosure at first contact (246-809-710(2)), and keep client records that include a signed and dated disclosure statement, the fee arrangement, session dates, presenting problem, consults, and progress notes; the associate must also give the supervisor all relevant clinical information, and the supervisor must have a thorough understanding of the clinical work (246-809-035(1)).
You, or your supervisor, must keep all client records for five years after the last visit, safely and with limited access, and must make provisions for retaining or transferring them if you go out of business, die, or become incapacitated (WAC 246-809-035(4), (5)).
An associate may not provide independent social work for a fee, monetary or otherwise (RCW 18.225.145(2); WAC 246-809-710(2)). Any arrangement in which you bill clients yourself, outside a supervised setting, is outside the license.
The associate license renews every year on the date of issue, with 16 hours of CE attested each year (WAC 246-809-990(2); 246-809-632). A lapsed license means the late penalty, reissuance fee, and a gap in supervised practice.
One hour of supervision for every 80 hours of clinical practice time is the floor (WAC 246-809-020(2)(b)). Full-time practice at 40 hours a week means a supervision hour at least every two weeks; more if the week is heavier.
Hours under an equally qualified practitioner count only inside the limits in WAC 246-809-330: at least 70 of the 100 LICSW supervision hours, and all 1,000 client-contact hours, must be under an LICSW (020(4); 330(2)).
Supervisors must notify their candidates immediately if they stop meeting the qualifications (WAC 246-809-020(3)(a)). Check the license status in the Department's provider credential search at the start and periodically after.
Social work associates must complete the six-hour suicide assessment, treatment, and management training after initial licensure and before the first renewal (WAC 246-809-632(5)). It is a renewal condition, not an optional topic.
The six-renewal limit was repealed in 2024, and anyone whose associate license was not renewed because of it is treated as simply expired and may return it to active status under the standard rules (RCW 18.225.145(6)). Your hours are not on a fixed clock.
Only rules in effect on the date a completed associate application for the full license is submitted apply; a rule change between submission and issue is not a reason to deny (RCW 18.225.090(2)).
Approved supervisors must maintain documentation of the supervision they provide (WAC 246-809-020(3)(e)). Keep your own log too, but the duty to document sits with them.
If you move to Washington after a year or more holding the equivalent license in good standing elsewhere, the supervised experience requirement is deemed met (WAC 246-809-330(1)(a), (2)(a)).
Supervisor directory. The Department keeps a licensed counselor supervisor directory that approved supervisors and facilities may join (WAC 246-809-070 to -072); it is a place to look, not a substitute for the declaration.
Where the New York figures come from. Education Law Article 154, Part 74 of the Commissioner's Regulations (74.3 experience, 74.4 limited permits, 74.6 supervision), and the Office of the Professions' LCSW requirements page, read from op.nysed.gov in September 2026. New York calls the person accruing hours a qualified individual; in practice that is an LMSW or a limited permit holder.
Article 154 restricts practice to licensed or exempt persons, and Education Law §7706 lists the exemptions. Students in a registered program practice under the program's field placement, and the 900-hour practicum is a degree requirement the Department checks at licensure (Part 74.1), not licensure hours.
The three years of supervised clinical experience begin after the MSW; in New York the hours must be earned as an LMSW or a limited permit holder, and only in limited circumstances will the Department accept other post-MSW experience in an authorized setting under a qualified supervisor (Part 74.3(b)).
An LMSW is a licensed social worker and may use that title; clinical work is lawful only under supervision. The supervisor or employer must ensure clients are informed that the LMSW practices clinical social work only under supervision, that the supervisor is responsible for the diagnosis and treatment, and how to reach the supervisor with concerns (Office of the Professions, LCSW requirements: informed consent).
Chapter 420 of the Laws of 2002, section 9, as amended, provides that nothing in the licensing act prohibits the activities of a person employed by a program operated, regulated, funded, or approved by the Office of Mental Health, OCFS, DOCCS, OTDA, the Office for the Aging, the Department of Health, a local governmental unit, or a social services district, though it authorizes no Article 154 title. It has been extended repeatedly and is tied to the adoption of Department regulations; confirm its current status with the Office of the Professions before relying on it.
Three years, 2,000 client contact hours, 100 supervision hours, inside six years. Education Law §7704(2) requires three years of full-time supervised post-MSW clinical experience, or the part-time equivalent, over a continuous period not exceeding six years. Part 74.3 defines full-time as not less than 2,000 client contact hours over at least 36 months, and Part 74.6 requires at least 100 hours of individual or group clinical supervision distributed appropriately across the period. More hours in less time does not shorten the 36 months.
An LMSW may do a wide range of work, but the only experience that counts toward the LCSW is in diagnosis, psychotherapy, and assessment-based treatment planning as defined in §7701 (Office of the Professions). Case management, advocacy, and concrete services do not accrue.
Contact during which you apprise the supervisor of the diagnosis and treatment of each client, your cases are discussed, the supervisor provides oversight and guidance in diagnosing and treating, and regularly reviews and evaluates your work; at least 100 hours of in-person individual or group clinical supervision over the period, and face-to-face may use secure video acceptable to the Department (Part 74.6(c)(1)).
Supervision of an LMSW providing clinical services under §7701(1)(d) who is not accruing toward licensure must still meet the same content standard and provide at least two hours per month of individual or group clinical supervision (Part 74.6(d)).
36 months and 2,400 client contact hours of psychotherapy after LCSW licensure, at least 400 in any twelve-month period, with a client contact hour meaning at least 45 minutes of psychotherapy; supervision of at least two hours a month of individual or group consultation, or enrollment in a Regents-chartered psychotherapy program (Part 74.5; Appendix A). Concrete services and record-keeping do not count.
You may submit a Plan for Supervised Experience (Form 6) with a $10 fee before starting, with proof the setting is acceptable, a copy of the supervisor's license, the supervision plan and the supervisor's attestation of responsibility, and, for third-party supervision, the setting's affirmation (Part 74.6(b)). An approved plan does not guarantee the hours; Form 4B from the named supervisor is what the Department credits. Skipping the plan means individual evaluation later.
The supervisor is responsible for maintaining records of client contact hours and supervision hours and for verifying them to the Department on Form 4B when the experience ends (Part 74.6(e)). If the supervisor has died or is unavailable, a licensed colleague with direct knowledge may verify, attesting to the supervisor's qualifications and the dates and hours.
A licensed clinical social worker (or the equivalent, for out-of-state supervision); a psychologist licensed where the supervision occurred who is qualified in psychotherapy on the Department's review of their training; or a physician who is a diplomate in psychiatry of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology or the equivalent (Education Law §7704(2); Part 74.6(c)(2)). New York sets no separate supervisor training course or years-licensed minimum for LCSW supervision.
A supervisor may not have a familial relationship with the applicant; such dual relationships may be charged as unprofessional conduct (Office of the Professions). Where supervision comes from a third party, a written agreement among the employer, the supervisor, and the LMSW must specify the supervisor's access to clients and records, the supervisor must be engaged by the employer rather than by the LMSW, and clients must be told how confidential information is handled.
Experience completed in another jurisdiction must be post-MSW, in a setting authorized there, under a supervisor acceptable to the Department; the supervisor files Form 4Q so the Department can judge their qualifications in diagnosis, psychotherapy, and assessment-based treatment planning (Part 74.3(b); Office of the Professions).
The supervisor is legally and professionally responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of each client and must have access to all relevant information; the employer is responsible for providing appropriate supervision, since an LMSW may only practice clinical social work under it (Office of the Professions, LCSW requirements).
Only an acceptable setting produces countable hours: a PC, PLLC, or LLP authorized for clinical social work, a licensee's sole proprietorship or professional partnership, a program operated, regulated, funded, or approved by OMH, OCFS, DOCCS, OTDA, the Office for the Aging, DOH, a local governmental unit or social services district, an entity holding a Department waiver, a federal facility, a public school, or an entity otherwise authorized under law (Part 74.6(a)). A general business corporation or an unauthorized nonprofit cannot lawfully employ you for restricted services. Ask for the certificate of incorporation or operating certificate before you accept the job; your supervisor will have to file it.
Hours in New York must be gained as a licensed and currently registered LMSW or as a limited permit holder (Part 74.3(b); Office of the Professions). Registration lapses every three years; a lapse is a gap in countable practice and, if you keep working, practice without registration.
If your supervisor is not on the employer's staff, the employer, the supervisor, and you sign an agreement that gives the supervisor access to clients and records, and clients are told about it (Office of the Professions). The Plan for Supervised Experience must carry the setting's affirmation that it will ensure appropriate supervision (Part 74.6(b)(4)).
A limited permit is never issued for a practice the applicant owns or operates (Part 74.4), and an LMSW may practice clinical social work only under supervision in an acceptable setting. Hours generated in your own practice before the LCSW are not hours the Department can accept.
All of the experience must fall within a continuous period of not more than six years (§7704(2)), and it can never be shorter than 36 months no matter how many client hours you log (Office of the Professions).
An LMSW, a mental health counselor, or a marriage and family therapist cannot supervise hours toward the LCSW; only an LCSW, a qualified psychologist, or a psychiatrist can (Part 74.6(c)(2)). A limited permit holder in clinical social work must be under an LCSW specifically (Part 74.4(b)).
A limited permit lasts at most twelve months and cannot be renewed (§7705; Part 74.4). It is issued only after the Department finds every requirement but the exam met, so file early and sit the exam inside the year.
No supervisor may supervise more than five limited permit holders at one time (Part 74.4). A sixth permit holder's hours are outside the rule.
Only Form 4B from the supervisor documents your hours. Leave a job without it and you are dependent on a former supervisor's cooperation years later; the fallback for a deceased or unavailable supervisor is a licensed colleague's attestation, and a false one is misconduct for both of you (Part 74.3(e); Office of the Professions).
It is the responsibility of the employer to provide appropriate supervision, and the supervisor must be employed or engaged by the employer, not by the LMSW (Office of the Professions). An arrangement where you pay for your own third-party supervision inverts the rule.
An approved Form 6 plan documents that the setting and supervisor were acceptable when you began (Part 74.6(b)). It is your evidence if a setting's authority or a supervisor's qualification is questioned later.
The Department may, for good cause, accept experience gained in a setting that would have qualified for a waiver but had not obtained one, or experience obtained in good faith in the belief that the setting was authorized, provided everything else about it qualifies (§7704(2)(c)).
Where a supervisor has died or is unavailable, a licensed colleague meeting the supervisor definition may attest to the supervisor's name and qualifications, the dates, and the hours (Part 74.3(e)).
Forms the Department expects: Form 1 (application), Form 2 (education, from the school), Form 6 (plan for supervised experience, $10), Form 4B (verification of experience, from each supervisor, with the setting's authority attached), Form 4Q (out-of-state supervisor qualifications), Form 5 (limited permit).
What has to be in place before you see the first client on your own, and then the decision that affects income more than it looks like it should: which practice management software you pick, how insurance claims are actually priced, and the difference between owning your insurance credentialing and renting it. What holds everywhere comes first; pick your state for who may open a practice, which entity to form, records, billing, and advertising rules, each cited by number.
Three registrations, all free, all needed before you can bill anyone but a cash client.
EIN from the IRS, once the entity exists. This is the practice's tax ID and what goes on claims and 1099s. NPI from the federal NPPES registry. You need a Type 1 (individual) NPI as the clinician, and a Type 2 (organization) NPI for the PLLC if you will bill under the entity. Both are free and issue quickly. CAQH ProView is the shared credentialing profile that nearly every commercial payer pulls from. Complete it once, keep it current, and re-attest every 120 days or payers will treat it as stale.
Professional liability coverage is not optional in practice, and most payers require proof of it during credentialing. Occurrence-based policies cover incidents that happen during the policy period regardless of when the claim is filed; claims-made policies require you to keep coverage or buy a tail when you stop.
NASW's Assurance Services program and HPSO are the two most common carriers for social workers. Compare occurrence versus claims-made, the per-claim and aggregate limits a payer expects (often $1M/$3M), and whether licensing board defense is included, since a board complaint is more likely than a lawsuit.
The six platforms most clinicians end up choosing between. Prices are the standard monthly rate for one clinician; several run introductory discounts that are not shown here because they expire.
| Platform | Monthly price | Insurance claims | Best for |
|---|---|---|---|
| SimplePractice | $49 / $79 / $99 | Per-claim billing through its Insurance Navigator; additional clinician on Plus $74/mo | Solo, private-pay-leaning practices that want the most polished client experience |
| TherapyNotes | $69 solo; $79 + $50 each added | Flat 14¢ per electronic claim from the first one, no allotment | Insurance-heavy practices that want costs to stay predictable as claim volume grows |
| TheraNest (Ensora Health) | $29 / $59 / $89 per therapist | Advanced tier includes 50 free claims a month, then 23¢ each; Premier unlimited | Small practices growing into a group; the most flexible per-seat pricing |
| TheraPlatform | $39 / $69 / $79 | Flat 25¢ per claim, no allotment | Budget-conscious practices that still want built-in claim filing |
| Jane | $54 / $79 / $99 | Insurance billing is a separate $20/mo add-on, and the $54 tier caps at 20 appointments a month | Multi-discipline practices (therapy alongside massage, nutrition, and similar) |
| Carepatron | Free / $31 / $39 per user | 25¢ per claim on paid tiers; free tier has no claim filing | Very early-stage or budget-first practices; the free tier is genuinely usable for cash pay |
How claim pricing actually works. A claim is one billed session: one date of service to one payer. A single weekly insurance client therefore generates about four claims a month, so a caseload of ten weekly insurance clients is roughly forty claims. Vendors price this two ways. Allotment plans bundle a set number of free claims per month into a tier and charge per claim past it; TheraNest's Advanced tier is the clean example, with 50 included and 23¢ after. Flat per-claim plans charge from the first claim with no bundle; TherapyNotes at 14¢ and TheraPlatform at 25¢ work this way, and the math is simpler to predict as a caseload grows. SimplePractice has moved toward per-claim billing through its Insurance Navigator product, and its own documentation has been inconsistent during the transition, so confirm the current structure directly before you rely on a number. Forty claims a month at 14¢ is $5.60; the subscription tier matters far more than the claim fee at solo volume.
Credentialing: yours versus rented. Insurance credentialing is the process by which a payer verifies your license and adds you to its network. It belongs to you, not to your software. Switching from SimplePractice to TherapyNotes has no effect on your panel status. The exception is the insurance-network platforms: Headway, Alma, and Grow Therapy credential you under their group contract with the payer rather than under your own. They can have you seeing insurance clients in weeks instead of the 60 to 120 days an individual application takes, but if you leave, that in-network status does not come with you, and you start your own application with that payer from zero. Clinicians who use them and later go independent generally build their own panel contracts while still on the platform, then exit once those are live. Know which arrangement you are in before you depend on the income.
Vendor pricing checked against SimplePractice, TherapyNotes (rates effective 1 December 2025), TheraNest, TheraPlatform, Jane, and Carepatron in September 2026. Software pricing changes often. Reverify before advising a specific clinician.
Pick your state above. Who may own a practice, which entity you form, how long records are kept, what the client must be told, and what goes on your advertising are all set by each state's board and statutes. Nothing below this line appears until a state is chosen.
Where the Texas rules come from. Board rules quoted from the BHEC consolidated social work rulebook dated 25 March 2026. Entity guidance from the Texas Secretary of State.
An LMSW cannot own a clinical private practice. Rule 781.407(a) says it plainly: an LMSW who plans to apply for the LCSW may not own or operate a private practice providing clinical social work. Independent practice requires either the LCSW or, for non-clinical work, Independent Practice Recognition. Everything below assumes you hold one of those. The rule also uses the IRS and Texas Workforce Commission tests for who counts as an employee versus an independent practitioner, so a contract arrangement that gives you real control over how you work can be treated as independent practice whether or not you call it that.
In Texas, clinical social work is a licensed professional service, and services that require a license to render must be delivered through a professional entity. For a solo or small group practice that means a Professional Limited Liability Company, filed with the Secretary of State on Form 206.
Only licensed professionals or professional organizations may own or manage a PLLC. Texas allows social workers, counselors, MFTs, and psychologists to co-own one, so a mixed-discipline group practice is possible under a single entity. The Secretary of State publishes a chart of which entity types each licensed profession may use.
Rule 781.309(3) requires anyone in independent practice to establish a plan for the custody and control of client records if you die, become incapacitated, or stop practicing. This is the piece new practice owners skip, and it is an explicit board requirement, not a best practice.
A named licensed colleague who agrees in writing to take custody, instructions for how clients will be notified, and access details for wherever the records live. Put it somewhere someone other than you can find it.
Rule 781.309(4): retain client records for seven years after termination for adults, or until five years past the client's 18th birthday for minors, whichever is greater. A client you saw at 8 has records you keep until they are 23.
Every bill or statement must carry a written explanation of the types of treatment and the charges, and that applies even when a third party is paying. Records must be retained and disposed of in ways that preserve confidentiality, which rules out the shredder-less closet.
Your practice management software, your telehealth platform, your email provider if it carries client information, your billing service, and your clearinghouse all need a signed BAA. Reputable practice software provides one as part of signup; consumer tools like standard Gmail or Zoom Basic do not.
Rule 781.311 places client records under Health and Safety Code Chapter 181 (the Texas Medical Records Privacy Act, which is stricter than HIPAA in places) and Chapter 611 (mental health records). Rule 781.323 says technology-delivered services are held to every rule that applies face to face, so telehealth changes nothing about your obligations.
Rule 781.310 in one paragraph: bill only for services actually rendered, do not overcharge, and do not pay or accept anything for referrals.
You may bill for a missed appointment; the rule carves it out specifically, so put your policy in the intake paperwork. And credentialing fees paid to insurers to get on a panel are expressly not a referral kickback, so paying them is fine.
Rule 781.316(c): every advertisement or announcement of your services, including website pages, social media, and directory listings, must clearly state your licensure designation and any specialty recognition. “Therapist” alone on a Psychology Today profile does not satisfy it; “LCSW” does.
The Council places no restriction on medium or trade name, so “The Grounded Elephant” is fine as long as the LCSW appears with it. If you hire someone to run your marketing, 781.316(e) makes you responsible for what they say.
Where the California rules come from. The Board of Behavioral Sciences' Statutes and Regulations (January 2026 edition): the Business and Professions Code (BPC) and Title 16 of the California Code of Regulations (16 CCR), plus Corporations Code §17701.04 for the entity question.
Only an LCSW practices independently. Practicing clinical social work without a valid license is unlawful (BPC §4996(b)). An ASW may work in a private practice, but only after the registration number issues, only as a W-2 employee or volunteer, never with an ownership interest, and never paying rent, furnishings, supplies, or any other obligation of the practice (§4996.23.2(i)); a subsequent ASW number, the kind issued after the six-year limit, cannot be used in private practice at all (§4996.28(c)). Everything below assumes the LCSW.
California does not let a limited liability company render professional services (Corporations Code §17701.04(e)), so the PLLC route other states use does not exist here. The entity for a practice is a licensed clinical social worker corporation under the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporation Act (BPC §4998), with the Board of Behavioral Sciences as its governing agency.
Its name must contain the words "licensed clinical social worker" plus corporate wording limited to Professional Corporation, Prof. Corp, Corporation, Corp, Incorporated, or Inc. (§4998.2; 16 CCR §1850.6). Every director, shareholder, and officer must be a licensed person (§4998.3), shares may pass only to licensed persons or back to the corporation, and a shareholder who dies or becomes disqualified must be bought out within six months or 90 days respectively (16 CCR §1850.7). A fictitious business name is allowed, but clients must be told before treatment starts that the business is an LCSW corporation (§4998.2).
Before starting psychotherapy, or as soon as practicable after, every licensee and registrant must give the client a written notice in at least 12-point type stating that the Board of Behavioral Sciences receives complaints about clinical social work services, with the Board's website and phone number (BPC §4996.75(a)). Since 1 July 2025 the notice must also carry your full name as filed with the Board, your license type and number, and its expiration date (§4996.75(b)). Delivery must be documented (§4996.75(c)).
BPC §4993: retain health service records for at least seven years from the date therapy ends; for a minor, seven years from the date the client turns 18. Paper or electronic is fine. Failure to keep records consistent with sound clinical judgment and the standards of the profession is unprofessional conduct (§4992.3(w)).
Failing to disclose the fee, or the basis on which it will be computed, before treatment begins is unprofessional conduct (BPC §4992.3(o)). So is paying, accepting, or soliciting anything for the referral of clients; every payment must relate to counseling services you actually provided, and collaboration between licensees may not be billed unless that fee was disclosed up front (§4992.3(p)).
The advertising rule rewritten effective 1 April 2026 (16 CCR §1811) requires every advertisement to carry your first and last name as filed with the Board, the complete title "Licensed Clinical Social Worker" or the abbreviation LCSW, and your license number. Licensees may use "psychotherapy" and "psychotherapist" once those appear. A nickname or former legal name may be added as long as it is not misleading, and earned degrees may be listed. False or misleading advertising under BPC §651 draws citations and fines.
Their advertising must spell out "Registered Associate Clinical Social Worker" before "ASW" may appear, must name the employer, and must say they are supervised by a licensed person (16 CCR §1811(a)(2)(E), (b)).
Under 16 CCR §1815.5, at the start of telehealth you obtain informed consent under BPC §2290.5, explain the risks and limits, give the client your license type and number, and document your efforts to identify emergency resources where the client is. At every session you verbally confirm and document the client's full name and present location, and assess whether telehealth is still appropriate. Clients physically in California require a California license; clients in another state may be seen only if that state allows it and you meet its rules (§1815.5(a), (e)).
You must be employed by, contracted by, or an owner of the practice, and either see clients there yourself or hold a written contract giving you the same access to the associate's records that employees have, with the clients' authorization (BPC §4996.23.3(b)). Nonexempt settings cap you at six pre-licensed supervisees for individual or triadic supervision at one time (§4996.23.3(c)). The supervisor training rules in Supervision & Practicum apply.
Where the Florida rules come from. Chapters 491, 456, and 621, Florida Statutes (2026), and Board rules in Chapter 64B4 F.A.C. as published on flrules.org. Citations read F.S. for statute and F.A.C. for rule.
Independent practice means the LCSW. Practicing clinical social work for compensation without an active license or an intern registration is a misdemeanor (F.S. 491.012(1)(i)). A registered intern may see clients in a private practice setting only while a licensed mental health professional is on the premises, which since July 2026 can mean present and reachable by synchronous electronic means under a written telehealth protocol (F.S. 491.005(1)(d); 64B4-2.002(8) F.A.C.), and a provisional licensee stays under monthly supervision until the license arrives. A Certified Master Social Worker may not provide clinical services at all (491.0145(6)). Everything below assumes the LCSW.
Florida's Professional Service Corporation and Limited Liability Company Act lets licensed professionals organize a professional association or a professional limited liability company for the sole purpose of rendering their professional service (F.S. 621.03, 621.051). Every shareholder or member must be licensed to render that same service, so an LCSW-owned entity cannot take an unlicensed partner. The name must end in "chartered," "P.A.," or, for a PLLC formed since 2014, "PLLC" or "professional limited liability company" (621.12); the designation can be dropped from the name you practice under only if you register that name as a fictitious name first (621.12(4)).
Chapter 621, Florida Statutes ↗A full record of services must be maintained for seven years after the date of the last contact with the client (64B4-9.001(2) F.A.C.), confidential except as the law allows or the client authorizes in a signed writing. The rule spells out what a psychotherapy record contains: identifying details, session dates, treatment plan and results, diagnosis, every financial transaction including fees assessed and collected, consent documentation, releases, legal forms, and every contact with other professionals about the client (64B4-9.002(2)).
When you terminate or relocate a practice and are no longer available to clients, you must publish a notice in the newspaper of greatest circulation in your county once a week for four consecutive weeks, giving the date and the address where records can be obtained, and keep the records two more years (64B4-9.001(3) F.A.C.). If a licensee dies, records must be kept at least two years; at 22 months the executor or survivor publishes a four-week notice that the records will be destroyed (9.001(4)). Put the executor's instructions somewhere they will be found.
Offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving any kickback, in cash or in kind, directly or indirectly, for referring or soliciting patients is unlawful for every health care provider (F.S. 456.054(2)), and a violation is treated as patient brokering under the criminal statute (456.054(4); 817.505).
"Licensed clinical social worker" or "LCSW" must appear on all promotional material naming you, including cards, brochures, stationery, advertisements, and signs, and the license or a true copy must be conspicuously displayed at each location where you practice (F.S. 491.0149(1)). Only a Chapter 491 or 490 licensee, or a psychiatric APRN, may describe services as "psychotherapy," "clinical social work," or "psychiatric social work" (491.012(2)).
Every renewal after the first needs 2 hours on prevention of medical errors and 3 hours on ethics and boundaries or telehealth, plus domestic violence and laws-and-rules courses on the every-third-renewal cycle (64B4-6.001 F.A.C.). Up to 6 of the 30 hours may be administrative or office-management training, which is the line a practice owner actually uses (6.001(6)).
Where the Washington rules come from. Chapter 18.225 RCW, Chapter 246-809 WAC, and the entity statutes in RCW 25.15.046 and Chapter 18.100 RCW, all read from the Legislature's site.
Independent clinical practice is the LICSW. Independent clinical social work, the diagnosis and treatment of emotional and mental disorders, is the LICSW's scope (RCW 18.225.010(7)). An LASW's scope covers assessment, case management, and consultation, but any psychotherapy must be under the supervision of an LICSW, psychiatrist, psychologist, or psychiatric nurse practitioner (18.225.010(1)), so an LASW cannot run an unsupervised therapy practice. Associates may not provide social work independently for a fee at all (18.225.145(2)). Everything below assumes the LICSW.
Licensed professionals rendering the same service may form a professional limited liability company (RCW 25.15.046) or a professional service corporation (Chapter 18.100 RCW); the PLLC is governed by the corporation chapter's rules on who may own it. The detail that matters: if the PLLC does not carry professional liability insurance, a bond, or other evidence of financial responsibility of at least $1,000,000 for itself and its practicing members, the members are personally liable to the extent that coverage would have applied (RCW 25.15.046(3)). Forming the entity does not loosen any licensing or scope rule (25.15.046(7)).
RCW 25.15.046 ↗At the start of treatment every client receives written disclosure of the practice name, address, and phone; your name and Washington license number; your methods, therapeutic orientation, education, and training; the course of treatment where known; the cost per session and billing practices including advance payments and refunds; the right to refuse treatment and to choose a practitioner; and the Department of Health's complaint contact information. Both of you sign and date it (RCW 18.225.100; WAC 246-809-710). It is the first thing a Department investigator asks for.
Client records must be kept for five years after the last visit, safely and with limited access (WAC 246-809-035(4)), and must contain the business information (name, fee arrangement and payments, session dates, the signed disclosure) and treatment information (presenting problem or diagnosis, consults, progress notes) the rule lists (035(1)). You must make provisions for retaining or transferring records if you go out of business, die, or become incapacitated: in your will, an office policy, or by arranging for another licensed counselor to review records with clients (035(5)).
A client may ask in writing that no treatment records be kept, and if you agree you keep only the business information and the written request, unless another state or federal law requires records (035(2), (3)).
The license renews every year on your birthday at $70 plus the $16 HEAL-WA fee, with 32 CE hours every two years including six in ethics and law, two in roles and boundaries, and two in health equity every four years (WAC 246-809-990; 246-809-630). Winding down, a retired active license allows up to 90 days of practice a year for $65 (246-809-730).
You need two years licensed and in good standing, two years of post-licensure clinical experience, 15 hours of supervision training, and 25 hours of supervising experience, and you give the associate a signed declaration on the Department's form before you start (WAC 246-809-334). You then owe at least one hour of supervision per 80 hours of their practice, documentation of it, and a thorough understanding of their clinical work, and both of you tell clients about the arrangement (WAC 246-809-020; 246-809-035(1)(b)(iv)).
Only licensees may represent themselves as a licensed independent clinical social worker, licensed advanced social worker, or either associate (RCW 18.225.020). Put the license number on the disclosure statement; the rule requires it there (WAC 246-809-710(1)(c)).
Where the New York rules come from. Education Law Article 154, Part 74 of the Commissioner's Regulations, Regents Rules Part 29 (unprofessional conduct), and the Office of the Professions' pages on professional service entities, read from op.nysed.gov in September 2026.
Independent clinical practice is the LCSW; the LMSW cannot run a clinical practice. An LMSW may practice clinical social work, including diagnosis and psychotherapy, only under supervision in an acceptable setting (Education Law §7701(1)(d); Part 74.6), and a private practice owned or operated by the LMSW is not an acceptable setting for supervised clinical hours or a limited permit (Part 74.4; Office of the Professions). An LMSW may practice licensed master social work independently, but not clinical social work. Everything below assumes the LCSW.
New York restricts the corporate practice of the professions: a general business corporation or an unauthorized nonprofit may not provide clinical social work or employ licensees to do so. The professional entities are the professional service corporation, the professional service limited liability company, and the registered limited liability partnership, each with only licensed owners, formed through the State Education Department's professional-entity process and a Department of State filing (Office of the Professions, corporate entities). A sole proprietorship or a professional partnership of licensees is also an acceptable setting (Part 74.6(a)).
A PLLC may ordinarily offer more than one profession's services if it has an owner licensed in each, but the Office of the Professions states that this does not apply to licensed clinical social work, so an LCSW's entity is single-profession.
Regents Rule 29.1(b)(4) bars permitting anyone to share in professional fees other than a partner, employee, associate, professional subcontractor, or authorized trainee, and it expressly covers any arrangement where payment for space, facilities, equipment, or personnel is a percentage of, or depends on, the licensee's income. A sublet that charges a share of receipts is unprofessional conduct. Paying or receiving anything for a referral is a separate violation (29.1(b)(3)).
Failing to keep a record for each client that accurately reflects evaluation and treatment is unprofessional conduct; unless another law provides otherwise, records are kept at least six years, and records of minors at least six years and until one year after the client turns 21 (Regents Rule 29.2(a)(3)). Clients are entitled on request to copies of documents prepared for and paid for by them (29.1(b)(7)).
Advertising may not be false, deceptive, or misleading, may not guarantee a service, may not make unsubstantiated claims of superiority, and may not offer inducements beyond a straight discount; testimonials need the client's written authorization and disclaimers, and fictional testimonials are barred. Every licensee must keep an exact copy of each advertisement for one year after its last appearance for Department inspection (Regents Rule 29.1(b)(12)).
A practice conducted under an assumed name must post conspicuously at the site the names and licensure field of all principal licensees practicing there (Regents Rule 29.2(a)), and a licensee working as an employee or operator of a clinic, group practice, or multi-professional facility must wear a legible badge with their name and professional title (29.2(a)). The LMSW and LCSW titles and designations are restricted to licensees (§7702).
As an LCSW you may supervise an LMSW's clinical work: at least 100 supervision hours across their three years if they are accruing toward licensure, or two hours a month if not (Part 74.6(c), (d)). You are legally and professionally responsible for each of their clients, clients must be told the LMSW works under your supervision, and if you supervise for another employer the three-way written agreement and record access must be in place (Office of the Professions). No more than five limited permit holders at once (Part 74.4).
Concrete help for clients’ material, legal, health, and safety needs. Filter by category or by the area a resource serves. Every entry was checked against its official source when added.
Choosing a specific area also keeps statewide and national programs in view, since those still apply to a client living there.
Domestic violence and homeless shelters across Texas, searchable by city or name. The pets column exists because it is often the deciding factor: survivors delay leaving when there is nowhere for the animal to go.
| City | Shelter | Phone | Pets | Area & notes |
|---|
Always call before sending someone. Bed availability changes nightly, intake windows vary, and a shelter that took a client last month may be full or closed today. If a number fails, the National DV Hotline (800-799-7233) and 2-1-1 can both route to a currently open program.
Transcribed from a printed shelter list shared by a Kendall County program, then spot-checked. Phone numbers were not individually verified, so treat this as a starting point, not a confirmed roster. One correction already applied: the original list placed the Brisben Center under Fredericksburg with a 540 area code. That shelter is in Fredericksburg, Virginia, not Fredericksburg, Texas, so it has been removed.
These are Texas programs, verified against their official sources when added. Eligibility rules, funding, and intake processes change often, so when a referral matters, confirm availability with the agency (or 2-1-1) before giving it to a client. As you add local agencies, set the Area served field to a county or city so it becomes filterable here.
Full-page visual handouts for use in session. Where a sheet works both ways, you can print the filled reference version or a blank one to fill in during group; the rest print as a single handout.
Start at the center and work outward to find more specific language for what you're feeling.
Sort what's on your mind into what you can control, what you can influence, and what you can't, then focus effort on the center.
Emotion Mind and Reasonable Mind overlap at Wise Mind. Print the reference to teach from, or the blank version for members to fill in with what each state looks like for them.
Observe — notice it without chasing or pushing it away.
Describe — put words to just the facts. “I notice a tight chest,” not “I’m falling apart.”
Participate — drop fully into what you’re doing, rather than watching yourself do it.
Non-judgmentally — describe without good/bad, should/shouldn’t.
One-mindfully — one thing at a time, this moment only.
Effectively — do what works here, not what is fair or what you’d prefer were true.
One small practice, named specifically. When, where, how long.
A sensory grounding exercise for anxiety or overwhelm. Work through each sense and write in your own answers.
Rate the intensity, name what it looks like for you, and note one coping step at each level.
A worksheet for group discussion.
A boundary is simply a limit you set on what you're okay with and what you're not. Boundaries can be about your body, your time, your feelings, your belongings, or your privacy. Having your boundaries respected, and learning to trust your own boundaries again, is a normal and important part of healing. There's no right or wrong answer on this page.
1.Types of Boundaries
Check any that feel true for you. You don't have to check all of them, or any of them.
2.A Boundary I Want to Practice This Week
It can be small. Small counts.
3.Putting It Into Words
Boundaries are easier to hold when you already know what you want to say. Try filling this in, then make it your own:
Or in your own words:
4.What Gets in the Way
What makes it hard for you to set or hold a boundary? Guilt, fear, being unsure, something else? There's no wrong answer, this is just for you to notice.
5.One Thing to Remember
Finish this sentence in your own words:
You don't have to share more than you're comfortable with today. This page is yours to keep.
A worksheet on codependency, framed as a learned survival pattern rather than a personal flaw.
Putting someone else's needs, moods, or safety ahead of your own isn't a personal flaw. For a lot of people, staying tuned in to someone else was what kept them safe for a long time. This page is about noticing that pattern with some compassion, not judgment.
1.What This Can Look Like
Check any that feel true for you. You don't have to check all of them, or any of them.
2.Where It Might Come From
Was there a time this pattern helped keep you safer? You don't have to go into detail, just notice.
3.The Automatic List
List three things you do for others automatically, without being asked.
For each one: would you still do this if no one would be upset by you saying no?
4.One Need of Mine
What's one of your own needs that got put last this week? What's one small way to move it up the list?
5.One Thing to Remember
Finish this sentence in your own words:
You don't have to share more than you're comfortable with today. This page is yours to keep.
The member worksheet for the abuse spectrum session. Reflective and private by design; members share only if they choose to.
This page touches on the full range of what abuse can look like. You don't have to write about anything you're not ready to. You can stop, skip a section, or step away at any point today.
1.Looking Back
Is there anything on the early part of today's scale that you recognize now, something that maybe didn't feel like a big deal at the time? You can write as much or as little as you want.
2.Looking Forward
Is there anything on the list you'd want yourself to notice sooner in the future? What would that noticing look like?
3.Where the Idea Comes From
A lot of us are taught that jealousy or possessiveness means someone loves us. Where do you think that idea comes from?
4.One Thing to Remember
Finish this sentence in your own words:
You don't have to share more than you're comfortable with today. This page is yours to keep.
The motivation worksheet. Pairs with the motivation session plan, and sets up the self-efficacy session the following week.
Most of us have been taught to wait until we feel motivated. For a lot of people it actually works the other way round: you start, and the wanting-to shows up somewhere in the middle. This page is about noticing that in your own life, and then picking one small thing to start.
1.A Time You Didn't Feel Like It
Something you did recently that you did not want to do, and you did anyway. It can be small.
What was it?
What happened to how you felt once you were a few minutes in?
2.One Thing I Want
Something you've been putting off, or hoping for. Yours, not somebody else's idea of what it should be.
3.The Smallest First Step
Not the whole thing. The very first piece, small enough that you could do it without much planning.
4.My Deadline
A goal without a date is a wish. Pick an actual day.
I will do this by:
5.Saying It Out Loud
Finish this in your own words:
What might get in the way, and what would you do about it?
You don't have to share more than you're comfortable with today. This page is yours to keep.
The self-efficacy worksheet. Opens by checking on the commitment made in the motivation session.
Last week you named something important: motivation comes after you start, and a personal goal without a deadline is hard to finish. This week is about noticing something else, the proof you already have that you can follow through.
1.Find Your Evidence
Think of one moment, big or small, recent or years ago, where you followed through on something hard. It doesn't have to be dramatic.
What did you follow through on?
What made it hard?
2.Connect It to This Week
What is the goal and deadline you set last week?
How is the moment you just described proof that you can follow through on this goal too?
3.Your Statement
Finish this sentence in your own words:
You don't have to share more than you're comfortable with today. This page is yours to keep.
A take-home handout. Pairs with the Finding Steady Ground session.
A simple skill you can use anytime. Mindful grounding can help you settle your body when you feel overwhelmed, slow down racing thoughts, come back into the present moment, and feel more steady and in control. You can use this skill anywhere: at home, at work, in the car, or before bed.
1.Notice Your Body
Start by connecting to something physical and steady. Try one:
Let your body settle for a moment.
2.Take Three Intentional Breaths
These breaths don't need to be deep or perfect, just intentional.
If your mind wanders, gently bring it back to the next breath.
3.Use Your Senses
Choose one object around you, a cup, a pen, a piece of fabric, anything. Spend 10 to 20 seconds noticing: what does it feel like? What is the texture? Is it warm or cool? What colors or shapes do you see? Let your attention rest on the object without judging or analyzing.
4.Check In With Yourself
What do I notice in my body now? Has anything shifted, even a little? There is no right or wrong answer.
When to Use This Skill
When you feel anxious or overwhelmed · during moments of stress · before sleep · after a difficult conversation · anytime you want to feel more steady and present.
Anonymous, reusable across any group.
Your honest feedback helps me facilitate these groups better. This is completely anonymous, please don't write your name anywhere on this page. Circle the response that fits best, and feel free to skip any question you'd rather not answer.
How This Session Went
| Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The facilitator explained things clearly. | |||||
| I felt comfortable participating today. | |||||
| The activities were useful to me personally. | |||||
| The facilitator listened well and respected what I shared. | |||||
| I feel like I got something out of today's session. |
In Your Own Words
What worked well in today's session?
What could be improved, about the facilitator, the activities, or how the group was run?
Is there anything you wish had been handled differently?
Are there any topics you'd like covered in future sessions?
Anything else you'd like to share?
Thank you for taking the time to share this. It genuinely helps.
Check or circle the words that feel most true to what matters to you right now; there's no target number.
The hardest part of finding a social work job is that most of them are not called social work jobs. This section is the list of titles to search for, the places the postings actually live, and the questions to ask before you say yes. Nothing here is a listing; every link goes to the employer or board that posts the job.
Search by the work, not the degree. Postings that want a BSW, MSW, LMSW, or LCSW routinely carry none of those letters in the title. Search each of these, in your state's portals and the aggregators, and read the qualifications line rather than the headline.
Case manager, care manager, care coordinator, service coordinator, discharge planner, transition coordinator, patient navigator, resource specialist, intake specialist, eligibility or benefits specialist, housing navigator, family services specialist, targeted case manager.
Hospitals and health systems, managed care organizations, community mental health, housing and homelessness programs, aging services, disability services, managed care plans, and every state's health and human services agency.
Therapist, clinician, counselor, psychotherapist, behavioral health specialist, behavioral health clinician, mental health professional, mental health specialist, qualified mental health professional (QMHP), licensed practitioner of the healing arts (LPHA), crisis counselor, crisis intervention specialist, mobile crisis clinician, substance use counselor, co-occurring disorders clinician, employee assistance counselor, utilization review clinician.
"Clinician" and "therapist" postings usually list the licenses they accept: LCSW, LPC, LMFT, sometimes LMSW under supervision. The title tells you nothing about which.
Child protective services specialist or investigator, caseworker, family preservation specialist, foster care or adoption specialist, kinship specialist, family support worker, home visitor, early intervention service coordinator, school social worker, school-based clinician, student support specialist, youth counselor, residential counselor, juvenile probation or court liaison, guardian ad litem coordinator, CASA supervisor.
Medical social worker, hospice social worker, palliative care social worker, dialysis social worker, transplant social worker, oncology social worker, emergency department social worker, discharge planner, geriatric care manager, adult protective services specialist, long-term care ombudsman, memory care coordinator, veterans service officer.
Victim advocate, domestic violence advocate, sexual assault advocate, shelter case manager, legal advocate, forensic social worker, mitigation specialist, reentry specialist, diversion program coordinator, community health worker, outreach specialist, peer support supervisor, program coordinator, program manager, program director, grant manager, policy analyst, community organizer.
Try these as separate searches rather than one long string: "MSW", "LMSW", "LCSW", "BSW", "social work", "case manager", "clinician", "behavioral health", "care coordinator", "family services", "advocate", "counselor", plus your state's own titles in the block below. On aggregators, searching by required license ("LCSW") finds far more than searching "social worker".
"LCSW required" means independent clinical licensure on day one. "LCSW or LMSW" and "license-eligible" mean they will take someone still accruing hours, and usually mean supervision is available on site. "Must obtain licensure within 90 days" or "within one year" is a condition of employment with a clock; make sure the exam and application timeline in Licensure fits it. "Licensed mental health professional" in a posting often means any of LCSW, LPC, LMFT, or psychologist, and sometimes excludes the LMSW.
If you are working toward a clinical license, the job is only useful if the setting and the supervisor qualify under your state's rules, which are in Supervision & Practicum. Before accepting, confirm in writing who your supervisor will be, their license, how often you will meet, whether the employer provides the supervision or expects you to buy it outside, and who signs the verification forms when you leave. A posting that says "supervision toward licensure provided" is worth more than a higher salary that leaves you paying for supervision yourself.
Ask for the expected caseload number, the billable-hour or "productivity" target if there is one, the on-call rotation, travel and home-visit expectations, and whether documentation time is counted inside the workday. Those five answers predict burnout better than the title or the salary.
A 1099 arrangement changes everything for someone accruing hours: California, for one, will not count contractor hours toward licensure at all, and it shifts taxes, malpractice coverage, and supervision costs onto you. The state rules on this are in Supervision & Practicum; the tax and coverage side is in Private Practice.
Employment with a government agency or a 501(c)(3) nonprofit can count toward Public Service Loan Forgiveness, and a large share of social work jobs qualify. Check the employer's status before choosing between two offers; the difference over ten years can exceed any salary gap.
Federal Student Aid: PSLF ↗A job board built by two licensed clinical social workers around the same problem this section is about: social work roles that do not carry the title. Filterable by state, education level, salary, and remote status, and browsable without an account. It aggregates broadly, so expect some listings from adjacent fields in the results.
yoursocialworkjob.com ↗The National Association of Social Workers' national job listings, plus career development resources. Employers post here specifically to reach social workers, so titles are usually plain.
careers.socialworkers.org ↗Federal social worker positions are classified in occupational series 0185. The link opens USAJOBS already filtered to that series, which is the fastest way to see VA, Bureau of Prisons, Indian Health Service, and other federal openings in one place.
USAJOBS: 0185 Social Work ↗VA Careers keeps a social work page with searches for social worker, peer specialist, and homeless program openings, plus loan repayment and scholarship information; the openings themselves are on USAJOBS.
VA Careers: social work ↗Behavioral health and social work positions in IHS and tribal facilities, many in rural and underserved areas, with loan repayment programs attached to many of them.
IHS Careers ↗Nonprofit and mission-driven organizations, which is where a large share of case management, advocacy, and community program jobs are posted. Search by the titles above rather than "social worker."
Idealist jobs ↗Pick your state above. Each state's largest social work employer is the state itself, and each one hires through its own portal under its own job titles. Nothing below this line appears until a state is chosen.
The Texas Workforce Commission's statewide job bank, used by state agencies, local workforce boards, and private employers. Search the titles above; agency postings usually appear here as well as on the agency's own page.
WorkInTexas ↗The Jobs at HHS page is the doorway to the state's largest health and human services employer: state hospitals and state supported living centers (which recruit social workers under "behavioral health staff"), eligibility operations, regulatory services, and the Department of State Health Services, each with its own jobs page linked from it.
Jobs at HHS ↗Child Protective Services caseworkers, Adult Protective Services caseworkers, and Statewide Intake, which runs the Texas Abuse Hotline. DFPS posts under caseworker and investigator titles rather than social worker, and its jobs pages walk through the five kinds of CPS caseworker.
DFPS jobs ↗Texas delivers public mental health through local mental health and behavioral health authorities, each of which hires on its own site, and county governments hire juvenile probation, indigent care, and veterans service staff directly. Find your authority through Texas HHS, then look for its careers page.
Find your local authority ↗Every state civil service opening, including the Department of State Hospitals, the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Developmental Services, and county-partnered programs. The state classifications that carry the license are Clinical Social Worker (Health Facility) and Clinical Social Worker (Health/Correctional Facility), and state civil service positions are filled from exam lists, so look for the classification's exam as well as the posting.
CalCareers ↗The Employment Development Department's statewide job bank, with public and private postings. Search the title list above.
CalJOBS ↗California runs child welfare, adult services, and public behavioral health through its 58 counties, so the biggest social work employers are county departments, each with its own portal. Los Angeles County alone posts Psychiatric Social Worker I and II, Clinical Social Worker, and Senior Clinical Social Worker, with intern and stipend variants for people still accruing hours. Search your county's name plus "jobs" or "human resources."
County of Los Angeles jobs ↗All state agency postings, including the Department of Children and Families, the Department of Health, the Agency for Persons with Disabilities, and state hospitals. Titles include Child Protective Investigator, Adult Protective Investigator, Human Services Counselor, Social Services Counselor, Human Services Program Analyst, and Social Work Services Program Manager.
jobs.myflorida.com ↗Child protective investigations, adult protective services, and the state's mental health and substance abuse program offices. Case management for children in care is largely contracted to community-based care lead agencies, each of which hires separately; DCF's careers page is the starting point.
DCF careers ↗All state agency openings, including the Department of Social and Health Services, the Health Care Authority, Western and Eastern State Hospitals, and the Department of Corrections. Titles include Social Service Specialist (with in-training levels), Psychiatric Social Worker, and Social and Health Program Consultant.
careers.wa.gov ↗Child protective services, family assessment response, foster care licensing, and juvenile rehabilitation. The frontline title is Social Service Specialist, with levels.
DCYF jobs ↗The Employment Security Department's statewide job bank for public and private postings.
WorkSourceWA ↗State agency openings, including the Office of Mental Health, the Office for People With Developmental Disabilities, the Office of Addiction Services and Supports, and the Department of Corrections and Community Supervision. Titles include Licensed Master Social Worker, Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and Social Work Assistant, many posted at psychiatric centers and addiction treatment centers; the search box on the vacancy table filters the live list.
StateJobsNY ↗State psychiatric centers and OMH program offices hire LMSWs and LCSWs directly, with their own careers page alongside StateJobsNY.
OMH careers ↗New York City is its own social work labor market: the Administration for Children's Services, the Department of Social Services, Health + Hospitals, the Department of Education, and the Department for the Aging all hire through the city portal, under titles such as Child Protective Specialist, Caseworker, Social Worker, and Community Coordinator.
NYC Jobs ↗The state's public job bank and career center services, for postings outside state government.
NYS Department of Labor: find a job ↗Every portal on this page was opened and checked in September 2026. Job titles listed for each agency are the titles that agency uses in its own postings; they change, so search broadly. This section carries no listings and no employer relationships.
Field vocabulary, quick definitions.